Corprate strategy Free Essays

We will before long enter a period of solid rivalry in fixed administrations and we anticipate that comparative advantages should stream as result,† said Mohammad AY Change, Director General of the TRAP. Matthew Reed, an investigator at Informal Telecoms and Media, invited the choice. â€Å"It implies that we at last have rivalry in the fixed broadband market in the I-JAW for the first time,† he said. We will compose a custom paper test on Corprate procedure or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now However, he accepts that costs are probably not going to succumb to purchasers temporarily. â€Å"l figure they will maintain a strategic distance from a value war. They will likely attempt to contend on bundles, higher web speeds at the equivalent price,† he said. â€Å"As a shopper, generally you ought to have more rivalry, which implies there will be better open doors accessible. † Meanwhile, the pioneers of the two distillates and du invited the move. â€Å"Distillates has consistently accepted that opposition is a success win circumstance for all as it energies administrators to exceed expectations and invigorates media communications headway in the country†¦ We are completely arranged for a progressively serious scene in the AJAX,† Eased AY Hamlin, CEO of distillates, said. Footrest Sultan, CEO of du, included: â€Å"We are similarly satisfied about the chance to give customers and organizations over the AAU a decision in their choice of a fixed line administrations supplier. † †Gulf News y Facts Mission Statement: Our managing crucial to convey predominant quality items and administrations for our clients and networks through initiative, advancement and associations. Our Vision: Our vision is to be the quality chief in all that we do. History: The TLD Group Corp†¦ Is the authorizing organization for Tim Horton establishments by and by working in Canada and the United States. The Tim Horton chain of cafés started in 1964. Ron Joyce was initially the franchisee of Store #1, situated in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. By 1967, he and Tim Horton turned out to be full accomplices in the numerous and after Time’s lamentable demise in an auto crash in February of 1974, Ron Joyce turned into the sole proprietor. Dissemination: Five stockroom circulation focuses, situated in Gullah, Ontario; Calgary, Alberta; Debit (Tour), Nova Scotia; Kingston, Ontario; and Lauderdale (Langley), British Columbia by and by administration the Tim Horton stores across Canada and the U. S. An armada of enriched trucks convey food and supplies from our circulation communities to the stores. The most effective method to refer to Corprate methodology, Papers

The Terror of Rwandan Genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Terror of Rwandan Genocide - Essay Example The initial step of decimation, order, has been occurring for a considerable length of time before the slaughter even began. Long into Rwanda's history had there been a particular ethnic contrast between the two opponent groups, the Hutu and the Tutsis. In the late 1800s, it was the Tutsi individuals who had oppressed the Hutus in a medieval framework, with the Hutus working the land under the management of Tutsi landowners. After World War One, in any case, this all came to change. At the point when Rwanda was allowed self-government from Belgium in 1959, the races drove the Hutu larger part into control over the administration, and this could be viewed as one of the initial moves towards the later slaughter. The unmistakable contrasts had just been set up, and now the mistreated Hutus had political power over their old proprietors. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide#Background). The following hardly any means toward the massacre all started to happen rapidly. As Tutsi outcasts poured in Rwanda during the 1990s, the Hutu greater part started to get terrified of the past oppression. The Hutu government communicate and distributed material alluding to the Tutsi as subhuman and making hidden calls for viciousness. Radical Hutu gatherings, sorted out and financed by individuals from the administration, began to hoard weapons and direct preparing programs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide#Background). This was a case of symbolization, by making and focusing on all the individuals from the Tutsi gathering, dehumanization, by precluding the mankind from claiming the Tutsi and pronouncing them subhuman, and this was likewise a prime case of association and polarization, which both kept on occurring as the massacre started. There is additionally a considerable amount of proof that the killings were sorted out even by the administration and government pioneers. One bureau part was cited in saying that she was by and by for disposing of all Tutsi; without the Tutsi, she told pastors, the entirety of Rwanda's issues would be finished (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide#Background). This shows exactly how profound into the nation the scorn for the Tutsi individuals ran and was acknowledged. After the meeting of the leader of Rwanda, the damn at last broke, and the slaughter started. The military started gathering together all the Tutsi they could and butchering them, an indication of planning as they massed weapons and dispatch the volunteer army, and afterward at long last as they gathered together and murder the Tutsi. Inside hours, initiates were dispatched everywhere throughout the nation to complete a flood of butcher,( http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hello there/world/africa/1288230.stm) as the individuals of Rwanda arranged for one of the most fierce and stunning massacres the world had seen since the Holocaust.

British Airways Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Airways - Research Paper Example Three nations have been chosen as the most fitting focuses for such activity: Mexico, Brazil and Ukraine. Every one of these nations can offer various advantages as to the firm’s specific arrangement. Mexico appears to meet all standards as an objective nation for redistributing exercises. Brazil and Ukraine can likewise react to the firm’s explicit needs under the terms that fitting courses of action of collaboration are made. The different parts of such arrangement are introduced underneath underlining on both the hypothetical and down to earth ramifications of the particular undertaking. Chapter by chapter guide Executive Summary 2 1. Presentation 4 2. English Airways †Outsourcing of Aircraft support administrations 4 2.1 Company outline 4 2.2 Aircraft upkeep administrations †industry qualities 5 2.3 Outsourcing of Aircraft support administrations 5 2.3.1 Brazil 5 2.3.2 Mexico 6 2.3.3 Ukraine 7 2.4 Outsourcing as a business procedure †hypothetical view points 8 2.5 Conclusion 9 References 10 Appendix 13 1. Presentation The impacts of firms’ vital choices can be very significant affecting the hierarchical exhibition either in the short or the long haul. Hence, when directors need to build up a basic key choice need to audit all parameters of the pertinent arrangement, mulling over potential disappointments or startling issues. In the Aviation business a comparable methodology must be utilized when such choices should be created. This paper centers around the potential impacts of the choice of British Airways (BA) to redistribute some portion of each gracefully chain exercises, its airplane upkeep administrations. There are three nations that have been checked on, as of potential focuses of this technique: Brazil, Mexico and Ukraine. Every one of these nations has been associated with such exercises, yet not at a similar level. For instance, Mexico has been seen as a nation that can viably bolster all parts of redistributing as to an air carrier’s airplane upkeep administrations. The other two nations, Brazil and Ukraine appear to be less evolved in this division; still, Brazil and Ukraine additionally can offer a progression of advantages to firms that would choose to re-appropriate their airplane support administrations to these nations. The hypothetical parts of redistributing, as a typical business system are likewise introduced in this paper, planning to feature the suggestions that BA would need to look in the event that it would choose to continue to the particular arrangement, for example to redistribute its airplane support administrations to Brazil, Mexico or Ukraine. 2. English Airways †Outsourcing of Aircraft support administrations 2.1 Company review British Airways is a significant rival in the worldwide aeronautics industry. The firm was first settled in 1919 under the name ‘Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited (AT&T)’ (British Airways History 2012). In the d ecades that followed the development of the firm was critical (British Airways History 2012). Toward the finish of 2011 the armada of the organization was evaluated to ‘245 aircrafts’ (IAG About Us). In 2011, January, BA was converged with the Spanish Air Carrier, Iberia (IAG About Us); the firm came about has been IAG, International Airlines Group, a firm situated in Spain (IAG About Us). The money related execution of BA, as an individual from IAG can be described as very significant, as demonstrating in the budgetary report of IAG, the parent organization, for 2011 (Figure 4, Appendix). In a more

Reseach on Shampoo

Study the purchasing conduct of customers with respect to marked shampoos in Ludhiana Research Project Report Masters in Business Administration By Jasdeep kaur Table of Contents |Chapter No. |Particulars |Page no. |1 |Introduction |8-16 | |2 |Research Methodology |17-20 | |3 |Data Analysis and Interpretation |21-33 | |4 |Results and Findings |34,35 | |5 |Conclusion and Summary |36 | |6 |Appendix |37-40 | |7 |Bibliography |41 | List of tables |S. No. |Particulars |Page No. | |1 |Number of respondents utilizing marked shampoos |21 | |2 |Frequency of utilizing Shampoo in seven days |22 | |3 |Awareness level of espondents with respect to different brands of shampoos |23 | |4 |Source of data in regards to Branded shampoos |24 | |5 |Most significant factor of purchaser inclination |25 | |6 |Preference of brands of shampoos |26 | |7 |Importance level of variables considered by respondents while buying |27 | |Shampoos | |8 |Brand Switch if specific brand isn't accessible |28 | |9 |Brand Loy alty among customers |29 | |10 |Reasons that made respondents stick to one specific brand of cleanser |29 | |11 |Response as to aim to adhere to the present brand of |30 | |shampoo being utilized | |12 |Satisfaction level of shoppers towards their favored cleanser brand |31 | |13 |Demographic profile of respondents |33 | List of Figures |S. No. |Particulars |Page No. | |1 |Number of respondents utilizing marked shampoos |21 | |2 |Frequency of utilizing Shampoo in seven days |22 | |3 |Awareness level of respondents with respect to different brands of |23 | |shampoos | |4 Source of data in regards to Branded shampoos |24 | |5 |Most significant factor of shopper inclination |25 | |6 |Preference of brands of shampoos |26 | |7 |Importance level of elements considered by respondents while |27 | |purchasing Shampoos | |8 |Brand Switch if specific brand isn't accessible |28 | |9 |Brand Loyalty among customers |29 | |10 |Reasons that made respondents stick to one specific brand of |30 | |sha mpoo | |11 |Response as to expectation to adhere to the present brand of|31 | |shampoo being utilized | |12 |Satisfaction level of purchasers towards their favored cleanser |31 | |brand | Chapter I Introduction 1. 1 Shampoo is a typical hair care item utilized for the expulsion of oils, earth, skin particles, natural poisons and other contaminant particles that bit by bit develop in hair. The objective is to evacuate the undesirable develop without stripping out to such an extent as to make hair unmanageable. Cleanser definitions look to boost the accompanying characteristics: Easy flushing Good completion subsequent to washing hair Minimal skin/eye bothering No harm to hair Feels thick and additionally rich Pleasant scent Low poisonousness Good biodegradability 1. 2 Evolution The word cleanser in english use goes back to 1762, with the importance â€Å"to massage†. The word was a credit from Anglo-Indian cleanser, thusly from Hindi champoo, ie â€Å"to smear, work the muscles, massage†. It itself originates from Sanskrit/Hindi word â€Å"champa† , the blossoms of the plant Michelia champaca which have generally been utilized to make fragrant hair-oil. The term and administration was presented by a Sake Dean Mahomed, who opened a shampooing shower known as Mahomed's Indian Vapor Baths in Brighton in 1759. His showers resembled Turkish showers where customers got an Indian treatment of champi (shampooing) or remedial back rub. During the beginning times of cleanser, English hairdressers bubbled shaved cleanser in water and added herbs to give the hair sparkle and aroma. Kasey Hebert was the principal known producer of cleanser, and the birthplace is as of now credited to him. During the beginning times of cleanser, English beauticians bubbled shaved cleanser in water and added herbs to give the hair sparkle and scent. Kasey Hebert was the main known producer of cleanser, and the birthplace is at present ascribed to him. 1. 3 Segmentation: Cleanser showcase is fragmented on advantage stages †¢Cosmetic (sparkle, wellbeing, quality) †¢Anti †Dandruff (AD) †¢Herbal 20% of the absolute cleanser advertise is accounted by the AD shampoos. The AD section is the quickest developing fragment, developing at 10% to 12 % consistently Usage: The recurrence of cleanser use is exceptionally low in India. Most shoppers use cleanser just a single time or twice in seven days. As a rule, these items are utilized on extraordinary events, for example, weddings, parties and so forth. About half of purchasers utilize standard can cleansers to wash their hair. About 15% of shoppers use latrine cleansers just as cleanser for cleaning their hair. Additionally 70% of the absolute cleanser deals are through sachet deals. HLL has higher stakes in the country showcase with a 80% offer. The jug deals are well known in the northern district where half of the cleanser bottles are sold After a calm development in 2004 because of the downturn of the FMCG area, cleanser segment saw solid development in the following two years because of the presentation of sachets and a flood in country request. The general cleanser advertise, which sees yearly volume deals of roughly 63,000 tons, saw rustic off take develop by 40% a year ago, while urban interest developed a large portion of that at 21%. From an infiltration level of 13% in 2000, presently very nearly 33% of the nation's country populace utilizes cleanser with entrance levels zooming to 32% in 2005. While the north and west zones have significantly increased in infiltration, the south and east zones have multiplied Urban †40 % Rural †10 % Targeted clients: Shampoos are principally focus at Upper working class, Middle class housewives and upper rustic class. Anyway the fundamental section is Teenagers. 1. 4 Opportunity Penetration of cleanser is extremely low in India. The normal per-capita utilization of cleanser in India is extremely low at roughly 13 ml and numerous individuals in provincial India despite everything use can cleansers. Individuals despite everything see cleanser as very good quality item in the rustic zones. This gives a colossal chance to the players. The tremendous size of the undiscovered market prompts an incredible potential for the current players. India is and will stay for quite a while probably the most youthful nation on the planet. Right now there is a populace of 163 m adolescent in India. Around half of the 1 bn in addition to populace is younger than 20, which is perhaps the biggest purchaser of hair care items. This gives colossal market to the cleanser players. Additionally, with the expanding salary levels of the working class populace, the utilization of shampoos has expanded. In spite of its undisputed potential, the quick development of the cleanser showcase was hindered in 1999. In general development rates in the market eased back to 1. 7% in 1999, from 16% the earlier year. Absence of development was the significant purpose behind log jam. The discernment that shampoos contain unforgiving hemicals that could harm hair, significant expense and the view that the cleanser is all the more a marvelousness item as opposed to a cleanliness item prompted lower deals. The players came out with the possibility of littler packs, which were a triumph. Likewise, items like enemy of dandruff began getting consideration and turned into the quickest developing classification. Players like Dabur and Ayush thought of natural shampoos. 1. 5 The top Shampoo brands Normal Shampoos †¢Clinic Plus †¢Sunsilk †¢Chik Anti Dandruff Shampoos †¢Clinic All Clear †¢Head and Shoulders †¢Dabur Vatika AD Premium Products †¢Shehnaz Hussain †¢Revlon Flex †¢L'Oreal 1. 6 Market Scenario of cleanser industry The India cleanser industry is evaluated at Rs 14 bn and is developing at a normal pace of 20% per annum. As indicated by AC Nielsen, cleanser is one of the quickest developing classifications inside FMCG part and is relied upon to develop at 25% per annum in the coming years. Significant Players of Indian cleanser industry [pic] HLL By all records, the UNILEVER bunch is India's first worldwide . The gathering has been working in India for more than 60 years. Being first it has being given the market initiative situation in numerous item classes. Switch's have a rambling dissemination inclusion which on account of HLL stretches out to 3,200 stockists and 600,000 shops straightforwardly overhauled by the organization. HLL is today a multi-item, multi-unit association tending to different general wellbeing challenges confronting mankind. HLL is the undisputed pioneer from the mid 1990s with brands like Sunsilk, Clinic All Clear and Clinic Plus. Sunsilk is the name of a brand of hair care items for ladies created by the Unilever gathering. It was propelled in 1954 in the United Kingdom and by 1959 it was accessible in 18 distinct nations around the world. As of now, Sunsilk items are being advertised in more than 50 nations all through Asia, Latin America, The Middle East and North Africa. The Sunsilk brand is proposed to exhibit a discerning and thoughtful comprehension of ladies, impart catching the â€Å"emotional drama† in a girl’s life, and to give a wellspring of master magnificence care for ladies. P and G In US-the world’s biggest commercial center regarding compelling interest the Cincinnati (Ohio)- based family unit and individual consideration items mammoth P and G Co. is an eminent organization. In the course of recent years (1837-1994) since William Proctor and James GambIe went into association to fabricate candles and cleanser in Cincinnati, P and G has conceptualized, made and viably promoted a surge of purchaser items, which have contributed fundamentally to American buyers Currently P and G utilizes l lakh individuals all around and has auxiliaries in more than 60 nations including India. On first April 1988, the Bombay based Richardson Hindustan Ltd. initiated working together as Proctor and Gamble India Ltd. The systems and strategies that the organization has advanced to encourage its relentless development have won it a position of respect in for all intents and purposes each nation. However to classifications P and G as only a brilliant advertising organization is to do it a foul play. It is an astounding advertising and item examine organization while its R and D, fabricating procedures

What Makes a Good Research Question - 275 Words

What Makes a Good Research Question? (Essay Sample) Content: A Good Research QuestionNameInstitution AffiliationWhat Makes a Good Research Question?A good research question should have several qualities that make it easier for the entire research process to be straightforward and successful. In this regard, a good research question needs to be focused and well defined according to the problem, intervention, comparison, outcome and time, that is, PICOT-structured criterion. This structure helps to specify the scope of the research endeavor. The research question should use clear concepts, which can be pursued objectively and where necessary embody a cause and effect relationship (Alvesson Sandberg, 2011, 247-271). Since the ultimate success of research may determine whether the research question was good or not, a good research question ought to be aligned with the interests of the researcher. Moreover, a good research question should reflect a research niche that needs to be filled by a research process (Lim, 2014, p. 66-88).A good research question ought to satisfy the SMART criterion. By SMART, it is implied that the research question should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timely. By specific, the research question should be able to address questions of what, who, how, why, which and where (Bright Hub, 2015, n.p). For instance, a good research question should specify where the research will be conducted, when it will be conducted, how (methodology), by who and for what reasons. The specificity of a research question is a quality of the research question that will help to avoid ambiguity in the research process. By measurability, it is required that the research objective inherent in the research question should have objective parameters to enable assessment of progress. A good research question should include being attainable, which only means that the research objective should be realistic and achievable in light of the available constraints. The relevance of a research question impl ies that it should not be obsolete given the... What Makes a Good Research Question - 275 Words What Makes a Good Research Question? (Essay Sample) Content: A Good Research QuestionNameInstitution AffiliationWhat Makes a Good Research Question?A good research question should have several qualities that make it easier for the entire research process to be straightforward and successful. In this regard, a good research question needs to be focused and well defined according to the problem, intervention, comparison, outcome and time, that is, PICOT-structured criterion. This structure helps to specify the scope of the research endeavor. The research question should use clear concepts, which can be pursued objectively and where necessary embody a cause and effect relationship (Alvesson Sandberg, 2011, 247-271). Since the ultimate success of research may determine whether the research question was good or not, a good research question ought to be aligned with the interests of the researcher. Moreover, a good research question should reflect a research niche that needs to be filled by a research process (Lim, 2014, p. 66-88).A good research question ought to satisfy the SMART criterion. By SMART, it is implied that the research question should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timely. By specific, the research question should be able to address questions of what, who, how, why, which and where (Bright Hub, 2015, n.p). For instance, a good research question should specify where the research will be conducted, when it will be conducted, how (methodology), by who and for what reasons. The specificity of a research question is a quality of the research question that will help to avoid ambiguity in the research process. By measurability, it is required that the research objective inherent in the research question should have objective parameters to enable assessment of progress. A good research question should include being attainable, which only means that the research objective should be realistic and achievable in light of the available constraints. The relevance of a research question impl ies that it should not be obsolete given the...

The Bombay Stock Exchange Market Capitalization - Free Essay Example

Central Public sector Undertakings and Public Sector Financial Institutions (CPSEs and PSFIs) were seen as white elephants and cash cows during the 1960s 70s and 80s. After the liberalization from the early 90s the continuous losses, operational and administrative inefficiencies have created a number of problems for them. However at the same time, so many companies in the public sector are still doing well and contributing significantly to the exchequer, even though the dominance is in the hands of the private sector. Objectives of the study are To find the pattern of movement of the CPSEs and PSFIs stocks quoted at BSE and BSE total market capitalization. To find whether CPSEs and PSFIs market capitalization plays a significant role in the total BSE market capitalization. To find whether individual CPSEs Sectoral market capitalization influences BSE market capitalization. The study observes that overall CPSEs and PSFIs have contributed 23 percent on average and CPSEs have contributed 19.57 percent and PSFIs 3.44 percent for the BSE market capitalization during the study period. From the regression analysis it is observed that R2 value is 0.96 and it is understood that the relation is very strong and positive and it indicates that there is a good fit between the market capitalization of BSE and PSU. The paper concludes that the contribution of CPSEs and PFSIs has been on an increasing trend and this would provide stability to the stock market in the long run as there involves control of the gover nment in the operations of these CPSEs and PFSIs. *Assistant Professor (Finance), Institute of Public Enterprise, Osmania University, Hyderabad. ** Senior Professor and Director, Institute of Public Enterprise, Osmania University, Hyderabad. Introduction: Central Public sector Undertakings and Public Sector Financial Institutions (CPSEs and PSFIs) were seen as white elephants and cash cows during the 1960s 70s and 80s. After the liberalization from the early 90s the continuous losses, operational and administrative inefficiencies have created a number of problems for them. However at the same time, so many companies in the public sector are still doing well and contributing significantly to the exchequer, even though the dominance is in the hands of the private sector. This is because of their strengths like clear balance sheets and accountability and the fact that they are in the core sectors. In the stock markets too CPSEs and PSFIs have been playing a pervasive role in the post liberalization scenario. Most of the market players, both indigenous and foreign, have been shifting their portfolio investments to public sector undertakings scrips due to the increasing volatility with equity investments of the private sector. The public s ector alone was responsible for a Plan investment of about Rs. 1,70,000 crores during the first two years of the Tenth Five-Year Plan. The overwhelming response to the six IPOs of PSUs within just three months, of January to March 2004, also indicates the confidence institutional buyers as well as retail investors have in Central public sector Undertakings. The Government exercises control over these CPSEs and PSFIs compared to the other Public Limited Companies in the following counts: 1. CPSEs are subjected to Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audit other than the statutory audit which is mandatory under Companies Act 1956 ensures clear and clean balance sheet. 2. Guidelines on corporate governance for CPSEs are mandatory for all the CPSEs from March 25th, 2010. The guidelines cover issues like composition of Board of CPSEs, Audit Committee, Subsidiary companies, Disclosures, Code of conduct and ethics, risk management and reporting. The continued implementation of these guidelines on Corporate Governance for CPSEs will facilitate protection of interest of shareholders and other stakeholders and also ensure transparency in the operations of CPSEs. 3. The Department of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises have issued in April 2010, comprehensive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Guidelines on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for Central Public Sector Enterprisesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. These Guidelines are mandatory for all the CPSEs but other Public Limited Companies does have CSR but there are no compulsion these companies to adhere. 4. Constitution of Task Force on Memorandum of Understanding MoU by the Government of India: The (MoU) is a mutually negotiated agreement between the management of the enterprise and Government of India. Under this agreement, both sides come to a mutual understanding regarding the targets (both financial and non-financial) to be achieved by the enterprise in the ensuing year and the commitments to be fulfilled by the Government that are considered essential in fulfillment of those targets. MoU System is a major policy initiative of the Government of India in facilitating the empowerment and enhancing the performance levels of the Central Public Sector Enterprises 5. The total number of CPSEs 246 companies are under various ministries like Ministry of Steel, Ministry of Heavy Industries etc., these are headed by the Cabinet Minister. The CMDS of CPSEs will be reporting to the secretary who represents the government this ensures good governance. 6. Compulsory appointment of government representative in the company in the form of independent director. 7. Government set up a Board for Reconstruction of Public Sector Enterprises (BRPSE) in December, 2004 to advise the Government, inter alia, on measures to be taken to restructure / revival of sick Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs). Inspite of the above, there are many issues that being raised by the market and public need to be addressed. They are in regard to profitability, liquidity, dividend pay out, large and diverse investments, obsolete technology, lesser market orientation, over- regulation and control by government, etc. In fact, it is these issues that are pulling CPSUs into down. It is also asserted that the failure of CPSUs both in the product market and financial market is because of these factors. The question that arises here therefore, is whether the public sector enterprises are performing in the markets or not. This is not just a simple doubt of the researcher but a million dollar question as well. With this backdrop an attempt is made in the study to evaluate the Contribution in terms of market capitalization of public enterprises in the stock market with reference to the companies quoted at the Bombay Stock Exchange. Review of Literature: Viviana (2011) focus on spatial version of the Capital Asset Pricing Model as this model specification makes it possible to account for alternative measures of distance between firms, such as market capitalization, the market-to-book, and other financial ratios. The model is tested on a panel of 126 Latin American firms. Lima and et al. (2010) paper is finds that Cramers stock-picking style is consistent with a positive-feedback trading strategy, favouring stocks which have outperformed over an interval prior to the pick date. Subsequent to a pick, Cramers immediate effect on a stock appears inversely proportional to the corresponding firms market capitalization. Clarke and et al. (2010) The paper focuses on the set of common factors that explains the cross section of individual stock returns, as that of Fama and French a three-factor model that includes the market size, which is frequently cited in academic research and widely used in portfolio management. Hasenfuss and et al. (2010) the article focuses on the market capitalization of the Top 200 companies in South Africa. It notes that market capitalization can demonstrate which stocks have gained or lost market support. Thomas and et al. (2009) In this article, capitalization rates, based on market price data for commercial real estate transactions from 2006 through the first quarter of 2008 for 25 regional cities in Ukraine, were calculated and analyzed to show the ongoing development of the commercial real estate market in this transitional economy. Chung and et al. (2010) tries to build a relationship between liquidity, market efficiency and market capitalization by taking NYSE quoted firms and concludes that higher liquidity and market efficiency ensures larger market capitalization. De Klerk and et al. (2010) the notes that small capitalization business in South Africa is those with a market capitalization of less than 1 billion rand. The authors conclude that even though companies are successful, it is still a challenge when investing their shares because the liquidity of those shares is low which make it difficult to invest. Kumar and et al. (2009) the authors focus on a develop a framework to link customer equity (CE) to market capitalization (MC). The findings show that a CE-based framework can reliably predict the MC of the firm and marketing strategies directed at increasing the CE not only increase the stock price of the firm but also beat market expectations. Koch and et al. (2011) The authors tested the magnitude of various announcements on Apples share price and its market capitalization (9 events including Mr. Steve Jobs Health). The authors conclude that Jobs health has an impact on Apples share price and market capitalization, but that impact is not always negative and not nearly as large as many observers apparently believe. DRIP (2011) the article offers the authors insights on the advantages of investing in mid-capitalization (midcap) stocks. The author says that midcaps give investors growth potential to large caps and huge size to risky small caps. The author concludes that midcaps offer big profits compared to both large and small caps. Besterand et al. (2008) this article aims to determine the methods used by companies listed on the JSE Securities Exchange South Africa (JSE) to calculate their number of shares when publishing market capitalisation. It was found that only about 25% of companies participating in share repurchase and publishing market capitalisation in their annual reports calculated market capitalisation based on the number of group shares. About 75% of the companies did not calculate their market capitalisation based on the number of group shares (i.e. they omitted to deduct subsidiary repurchases and/or trust consolidations in their calculation of the number of shares). Nawrocki and et al. (2010) while previous studies of industry competitive have traditionally utilized sales or market share data, it can be argued that concentration indices and other metrics based on the market value of the firms in an industry should be a good proxy for market power within an industry. Cendrowski and et al. (2010) the author uses market capitalisation as a tool to decide whether to purchase Apple stock during 2010. Cline and et al. (2010) The authors examine executive stock option exercises around a sample of 1,268 seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) from 1996 to 2004 focusing on a subset of exercises we identify as potentially informed. It is found from six months prior to the announcement date to six months after issuance; an average 1.76% of the total market capitalization for issuing firms is exercised and sold. According to Ericson (2010) the three external benchmarks to be consulted by organizations and boards are analyst predictions, market capitalization multiples and stock prices while setting the financial targets for corporations. Yan and et al. (2010) The authors designed modified value investing strategies in emerging equity markets by comparing a countrys value weight with its market capitalization weight among a group of emerging countries. From the above review of the literature on the topic, it is found that prime importance is given for market capitalization in taking financial decisions by the corporations, buying or selling of shares by the investors, researchers and stock analysts in deciding the various factors affecting the share prices. The above literature also reveals that vast work is done in this area abroad but still there are gaps in Indian context and especially for the CPSE stocks which are traded in the stock markets in India and this study would form a basic work and eye opener for the future studies in this area of research and on the basis of the above the objectives and hypothesis are set. Methodology: Market capitalization Market capitalization is the total value of a companys free float as determined by its share price in the stock market; it is calculated as the number of free float of ordinary shares multiplied by the previous days closing share price. Thus market capitalization = (Share Price * Free float of shares). The market capitalization of any stock is an important indicator showing what the worth of the company is. Objectives of the study: To find the pattern of movement of the CPSEs and PSFIs stocks quoted at BSE and BSE total market capitalization? To find whether CPSEs and PSFIs market capitalization plays a significant role in the total BSE market capitalization. To find whether individual CPSEs sectoral market capitalization influences BSE market capitalization? Hypothesis to be tested Whether CPSEs and PSFIs market capital has an influence over the BSE market capital H0 = CPSEs and PSFIs market capitalization does not influence the BSE market capitalization. H1 = BSE market capitalization is influenced by the PSU market capitalization Whether individual CPSEs sectoral market capitalization influences BSE market capitalization H0 = Does not influence H1 = Does influence Data and sources: Central Public sector Undertakings (CPSUs) (Central Public Enterprises and Central Financial Institutions) Month-end market capitalization of 41 CPSEs (Annexure -1), Central Public Financial Institutions (17) and total BSE market capitalization for the period 1993-94 to 2007-08. The data is collected from Prowess database. Tools used: Simple regression, Squared Euclidian, trend analysis, correlation matrix, t à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" test, pie diagram, simple line graphs, tabulation of data. Note1: There are as many as 44 CPSEs are listed on the stock exchanges of India, out of which 5 CPSEs were not traded during 2006-07. Since IBP Co. LTD. has been merged with Indian Oil Corporation, the trading in this script has been discontinued. Public Enterprise Survey 2006-07: Vol No: 1 PP: 2-2 Note2: According to Department of Public Enterprises Survey 2006-07- Volume:3 there are 21 sectors/industries namely, Agro based Industries, Coal and Lignite, Crude Oil, Other Minerals and Metals, Steel, Petroleum (Refinery and Marketing), Fertilizers, Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Engineering, Medium and Light Engineering, Transportation Equipment, Consumer Goods, Textiles, Generation, Transmission, Trading and Marketing, Transportation Services, Contract and Construction Services, Industrial Development Tech. Consultancy Services, Tourist Services, Financial Services and Telecommunication Services. The study has broadly classified the above 41 CPSEs quoted at Bombay Stock Exchange under various sectors like Oil and Gas, Minerals and Metals, Logistics, Power, Engineering, Financial Services, Telecom, Fertilizers and Chemicals and Miscellaneous so as to have meaning ful conclusion as they belong to broad categories for example Generation, Transmission of power are broadly tak en into Power sector. For the purpose of studying the above objectives the market capitalization at the end of the financial year is taken. Further, Nine private companies are chosen on the basis of highest market capitalization during 2007-08 and compared with one of the CPSEs in the same line of activity from each sector to make a comparative analysis between the public sector and private sector. The year 2007-08 was taken keeping into consideration the changes in the stock market- 1. During 2007-08 the secondary market rose on a point-to-point basis with the Sensex and Nifty rising by 47.1 and 54.8 per cent respectively. 2. The Indian financial sector emerged as the third best performing market in the world with a dollar return of 71.23 per cent. 3. The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) benchmark index, SENSEX, posted its highest ever absolute gain of 6500 points in over two decades. Further, trend analysis is applied on market capitalization to study the pattern followed through the study period. For the above purpose 1997-98 is taken as base year. To study the influence of PSU market capitalization on BSE market capitalization a simple regression is run taking PSU market capitalization as an independent variable and BSE as a dependent variable for the study period. To know how much these two variables are different, squared Euclidean distance test is used. To obtain the influence of each PSU sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market capitalization on the total BSE market capitalization, a simple regression is run taking each sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market capitalization as an independent variable and BSE market capitalization as a dependent variable and coefficient is tested using t-test. Table 1 Actual Contribution by PSU Various Sectors to the Total BSE Market Capitalization during 1993-94 to 2007-08 In Rs. Crore YEAR/SECTOR OIL GAS MIN METALS ENGINEERING LOGISITICS TELECOM FERT CHEM POWER FINANCIAL SERVICES MIS.CEL. SUM OF 9SEC TOTAL BSE 1993-94 19673.46 23927.93 4262.07 4227.73 11700.00 3507.48 0.00 0.00 435.54 67734.21 368071.00 1994-95 15096.53 21555.37 3763.09 1798.36 10350.00 3411.15 0.00 0.00 435.54 56410.04 425481.00 1995-96 72614.63 19426.38 3319.43 2017.36 10680.00 2690.06 8534.72 0.00 586.48 119718.12 526476.00 1996-97 68217.68 18317.96 7373.72 4295.82 14460.00 3105.48 7726.17 0.00 709.48 124083.31 463912.00 1997-98 90928.85 10994.86 10127.78 4579.92 16556.40 3731.20 4132.60 0.00 1127.96 141761.09 560325.00 1998-99 42214.57 7212.14 7093.52 2106.52 11125.80 3787.55 1814.75 0.00 1138.61 76482.81 545361.00 1999-00 48981.70 8503.08 4702.43 1862.09 14805.00 2867.95 1042.13 0.00 1296.05 83902.99 912842.00 2000-01 47985.79 7511.58 4290.99 2083.72 8334.90 2528.40 1442.83 0.00 1231.27 75474.26 625553.00 2001-02 81956.92 9014.73 6125.01 4343.45 9289.35 3539.08 3347.03 0.00 1317.67 118846.84 612224.00 2002-03 93956.98 10413.94 7738.24 3755.36 6051.15 3096.21 4420.76 92.23 1890.27 130842.54 572197.00 2003-04 240700.77 31157.76 17792.50 10334.39 8076.60 5194.38 9202.24 99.11 2339.22 324448.02 1201207.00 2004-05 229582.99 57469.60 23397.29 12228.70 7232.40 4786.07 81820.40 136.29 3589.97 418992.96 1698428.00 2005-06 317649.17 86845.69 66153.69 21439.58 11579.40 5258.44 123080.43 268.59 3811.82 635864.96 3022189.00 2006-07 285717.33 94724.57 63096.95 22731.27 9242.10 4284.92 131931.49 12149.44 12708.07 627689.89 3545041.00 2007-08 341268.46 261358.18 109638.41 22861.13 6082.65 5991.31 223776.99 27908.54 112086.34 1011593.74 5296758.00 Average 133103.06 44562.25 22591.67 8044.36 10371.05 3851.98 40151.50 2710.28 9646.95 267589.72 1358404.00 Source: Annexure: 2 Table 1 represents the actual market capitalization of the PSU sectors individually and collectively for the period 1993-94 to 2007-08. From the table it is seen that, on an average, the Oil Gas sector has contributed Rs.1,33,103.06 crore for the period 1993-94 to 2007-08. Contributions by the other sectors are: Minerals Metals Rs.44,562.25 crore, Engineering Rs.22,591.67 crore, Logistics Rs. 8044.36 crore, Telecom Rs.10371.05 crore, Fertilizers chemicals Rs.3,851.98 crore, Power Rs. 40,151.50, Financial Services Rs.2,710.28 and Miscellaneous Rs.9,64,6.95 crore. Further, the table reveals that the sum of the Nine sectors for the year 1993-94 it was Rs.67, 734.21 crore. There is an increasing trend up 1997-98 at Rs.1,41,761.09 crore and a decline to Rs76482.81 crore in 1998-99. During the year 1999-00 there is an increase Rs.83902.99 crore, the trend continued over the rest three years ending at Rs.10,11,593.74 crore. This shows that the contribution by the sectors is good during t he period 1995-96 to 1997-98 and then there is a decline. However, towards the end of the period there is an increasing trend. The table also represents the BSE total market capitalization. In the year 1993-94 it was Rs.3,68,071 crore out of which Rs.67,734.21is contributed by the PSU sector. There is a decrease in total BSE market capitalization from Rs.5,26,476.00 crore in 1995-96 to Rs. 4,63,912.00 crore in 1996-97. During the year 1999-00 it increased to Rs.9,12,842 crore. The BSE market capitalization was reported at Rs.52,96,758 crore in 2007-08. Table 2 Percentage Contribution by PSU Various Sectors to the Total BSE Market Capitalization during 1993-94 to 2007-08 (In Percentage) YEAR/SECTOR OIL GAS MIN METALS ENGINEERING LOGISITICS TELECOM FERT CHEM POWER FINANCIAL SERVICES MIS.CEL. TOTAL 1993-94 5.35 6.50 1.16 1.15 3.18 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.12 18.40 1994-95 3.55 5.07 0.88 0.42 2.43 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.10 13.26 1995-96 13.79 3.69 0.63 0.38 2.03 0.51 1.62 0.00 0.11 22.77 1996-97 14.70 3.95 1.59 0.93 3.12 0.67 1.67 0.00 0.15 26.77 1997-98 16.23 1.96 1.81 0.82 2.95 0.67 0.74 0.00 0.20 25.37 1998-99 7.74 1.32 1.30 0.39 2.04 0.69 0.33 0.00 0.21 14.03 1999-00 5.37 0.93 0.52 0.20 1.62 0.31 0.11 0.00 0.14 9.21 2000-01 7.67 1.20 0.69 0.33 1.33 0.40 0.23 0.00 0.20 12.05 2001-02 13.39 1.47 1.00 0.71 1.52 0.58 0.55 0.00 0.22 19.43 2002-03 16.42 1.82 1.35 0.66 1.06 0.54 0.77 0.02 0.33 22.97 2003-04 20.04 2.59 1.48 0.86 0.67 0.43 0.77 0.01 0.19 27.05 2004-05 13.52 3.38 1.38 0.72 0.43 0.28 4.82 0.01 0.21 24.74 2005-06 10.51 2.87 2.19 0.71 0.38 0.17 4.07 0.01 0.13 21.05 2006-07 8.06 2.67 1.78 0.64 0.26 0.12 3.72 0.34 0.36 17.96 2007-08 6.44 4.93 2.07 0.43 0.11 0.11 4.22 0.53 2.12 20.97 AVG 10.85 2.96 1.32 0.62 1.54 0.48 1.57 0.06 0.32 19.74 Figure 1 Representation of Percentage of PSU Market Capitalization during the Period 1993-94 to 2007-08 Table 2 gives the contribution by various PSU sectors to total BSE market capitalization in percentage. From the table it is observed that the Oil Gas sector, on an average, contributed 10.85 percent of the 19.74 percent by the entire PSUs to total BSE market capitalization. Minerals Metals follows at the rate of 2.96 percent, on an average, for the study period. The total contribution by the nine sectors reveals that in 1993-94 they have contributed 18.40 percent. They increased to 22.77, 26.77, during the years 1995-96, 1998-99 respectively. Then there is a decrease (Figure 1) in the year 1999-00 and recovered in the year 2000-01 at the rate of 9.21 and 12.05 respectively. At the end of the study period, 2007-08, the PSU contribution to total BSE market capitalization is at the rate of 20.97 percent. Figure 2 Representation of average contribution of Market Capitalization by various Sectors during the Study period 1993-94 to 2004-05 Figure 2 represents total contribution by each PSU sector for the period 1993-94 to 2007-08. Oil Gas has contributed 55.00 percent, Mineral Metals 15 percent, Engineering 6.69 percent, Logistics 7.81 percent, Telecom 3 percent, Fertilizers Chemicals2.43 percent, Financial Services .30 percent, Power 7.96 percent and Miscellaneous 1.62 percent. This shows that the Oil Gas sector has contributed 55 percent to the total PSU market capital, with the remaining eight sectors contributing only 45 percent. Comparison of Trends of BSE market capitalization, sectoral market leader and market leader from the private sector and sectoral average Trend analysis of PSU market capitalization The actual market capitalizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are subjected to trend analysis, which are tabulated in Tables 3 to 9 where the base year is taken as 100 and the other next years are represented in terms of percentage increase or decrease over the base year 1998. Table No: 3 Comparison of Trends of BSE market capitalization, sectoral market leader ONGC and Aban Lyod and Oil and Gas sectoral average (In Percent) Years BSE Market Cap. ONGC Oil and Gas Average Aban Lyod Chiles 1997-98 100 100 100 100 1998-99 -2.67 -57.49 -53.57 -9.34 1999-00 62.91 -51.26 -46.13 -52.04 2000-01 11.64 -52.37 -47.23 -11.15 2001-02 9.26 -1.78 -9.87 59.43 2002-03 2.12 27.85 3.33 241.77 2003-04 114.38 201.99 164.71 1282.66 2004-05 203.11 217.19 152.49 4993.49 2005-06 439.36 370.54 249.34 14593.23 2006-07 532.68 373.30 214.22 26884.76 2007-08 845.30 428.93 275.31 41276.00 Source: Annexure 3 Figure No: 3 From the Table no. 3 and Figure3 where CPSE Oil and Gas Sectoral details are depicted. It is observed that in the oil sector, the total has increased to 275 percent over the study period. ONGC has grown by 428 percent compared to the base year. It is also observed that Aban Lyod, the private sector exploration company being compared with ONGC, registered a growth rate of 41276 percent compared to the base year. Table No: 4 Comparison of Trends of BSE market capitalization, Sectoral market leader SAIL and TISCO and Minerals and Metals Sectoral average (In Percent) Years BSE Market Cap. SAIL Minerals and Metals Average TISCO 1997-98 100 100 100 100 1998-99 -2.67 -41.00 -34.40 -30.56 1999-00 62.91 -21.00 -22.66 -22.39 2000-01 11.64 -44.00 -31.68 -18.08 2001-02 9.26 -51.00 -18.01 -34.61 2002-03 2.12 -12.00 -5.28 -10.44 2003-04 114.38 223.00 183.38 157.63 2004-05 203.11 529.50 422.70 303.98 2005-06 439.36 733.00 689.88 440.52 2006-07 532.68 1041.00 761.54 375.16 2007-08 845.30 1747.50 2277.09 821.99 Source: Annexure 3 Figure No: 4 From the Table 4 and Figure 4 where CPSE Minerals Metals are depicted have shown an enormous increase. The year 1997-98 is taken as 100 which is the base year and it has increased to 2278 percent at the end of the study period 2007-08. SAIL has shown an increase of 1747 percent. When SAIL is compared with TISCO, which has grown by 822 percent, SAILà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance is better in market capitalization over the five years period. Table No: 5 Comparison of Trends of BSE market capitalization, sectoral market leader NTPC and Reliance Energy Limited and Power sector average (In Percent) Years BSE Market Cap. NTPC Power Sector Average REL 1997-98 100 100 100 1998-99 -2.67 -56.09 -30.82 1999-00 62.91 -74.78 13.46 2000-01 11.64 -65.09 -10.38 2001-02 9.26 -19.01 5.77 2002-03 2.12 6.97 2.77 2003-04 114.38 122.67 365.27 2004-05 203.11 100.00 889.94 240.68 2005-06 439.36 56.36 1389.14 349.98 2006-07 532.68 74.74 1496.23 291.99 2007-08 845.30 129.87 1704.97 921.04 Source: Annexure 3 Figure No: 5 From the Table 5 and Figure 5 where the CPSE Power is given it is observed that the year 1997-98 is taken as 100 which is the base year and it has increased by 1704 percent at the end of the study period 2007-08. NTPC got quoted in the year 2005 therefore year 2005 is taken as base year. NTPC has shown an increase of 1747 percent. Reliance Energy is compared with NTPC, which has grown by 921percent Table No: 6 Comparison of Trends of BSE market capitalization, sectoral market leader BHEL and Siemens and Engineering sectoral average (In Percent) Years BSE Market Cap. BHEL CPSE Engineering Sector average Siemens Mar-98 100 100 100 100 Mar-99 -2.67 -34.03 -29.96 16.41 Mar-00 62.91 -65.28 -53.57 51.51 Mar-01 11.64 -60.56 -57.63 33.05 Mar-02 9.26 -53.10 -39.52 28.85 Mar-03 2.12 -37.94 -23.59 42.66 Mar-04 114.38 67.92 75.68 395.46 Mar-05 203.11 113.17 131.02 758.43 Mar-06 439.36 524.15 553.19 2820.83 Mar-07 532.68 527.99 523.01 2702.90 Mar-08 845.30 1042.53 982.55 3072.84 Source: Annexure 3 Figure No: 6 The details of engineering sector are shown in Table 6 and Figure 6 CPSE. The year 1997-98 is taken as 100 which is a base year then it increase to 982 percent at the end of the study period 2007-08. BHEL has shown an increase of 1042 percent. Tata Telecom is compared with BHEL, which has grown by 3072 percent. Table No: 7 Comparison of Trends of BSE market capitalization, sectoral market leader MTNL and Tata Telecom and CPSE Telecom sectoral average (In Percent) Years BSE Market Cap. MTNL CPSE Telecom Average Tata Tele. 1997-98 100 100 100 100 1998-99 -2.67 -32.80 -32.80 68.49 1999-00 62.91 -10.58 -10.58 361.18 2000-01 11.64 -49.66 -49.66 71.33 2001-02 9.26 -43.89 -43.89 384.75 2002-03 2.12 -63.45 -63.45 173.24 2003-04 114.38 -51.22 -51.22 488.16 2004-05 203.11 -56.32 -56.32 1028.95 2005-06 439.36 -30.06 -30.06 1207.40 2006-07 532.68 -44.18 -44.18 688.75 2007-08 845.30 -63.26 -63.26 372.40 Source: Annexure 3 Figure No: 7 From the Table 7 and Figure 7 CPSE where the details of CPSE Telecom sector are depicted it is observed that 1997-98 is taken as 100 and it has shown a increase of 1704 at the end of the study period 2007-08. NTPC got quoted in the year 2005 therefore year 2005 is taken as base year. NTPC has shown an increase of 1747 percent. Reliance Energy is compared with NTPC, which has grown by 921percent. Table No: 8 Comparison of Trends of BSE market capitalization, sectoral market leader BIBCL and Tata Chemicals Limited and CPSE Fertilizers and Chemicals sectoral average (In Percent) Years BSE Market Cap. BIBCL Fert.,Chem. Phar.Average TCL 1997-98 100 100 100 100 1998-99 -2.67 160.37 1.51 -51.94 1999-00 62.91 647.00 -23.14 -64.86 2000-01 11.64 356.22 -32.24 -74.53 2001-02 9.26 332.72 -5.15 -70.78 2002-03 2.12 438.25 -17.02 -59.10 2003-04 114.38 2017.05 39.21 -14.86 2004-05 203.11 5242.86 28.27 20.79 2005-06 439.36 2775.58 40.93 110.30 2006-07 532.68 2116.59 14.84 64.95 2007-08 845.30 5182.95 60.57 143.47 Source: Annexure 3 Figure No: 8 From the Table 8 and Figure 8 where details of CPSE Fertilizers are depicted, it is observed that the year 1997-98 is taken as 100. From the base year the sectoral average has decreased to 60 percent i.e. at the end of the study period 2007-08. BIBCL has shown an increase of 5182 percent compared to the base year. Tata Chemicals is compared to BIBCL which has shown a growth of 143 percent compared to the base year. Table No: 9 Comparison of Trends of BSE market capitalization, sectoral market leader BEML and G.E. Shipping and CPSE Logistics Sectoral average (In Percent) Years BSE Market Cap. BEML CPSE Logistics Sectoral Average GE.SHIPPING 1997-98 100 100 100 100 1998-99 -2.67 -62.37 -54.01 -44.64 1999-00 62.91 -66.10 -59.34 -60.83 2000-01 11.64 -67.76 -54.50 -38.72 2001-02 9.26 -25.97 -5.16 -44.68 2002-03 2.12 -10.88 -18.00 -35.74 2003-04 114.38 170.13 125.65 113.85 2004-05 203.11 468.06 167.01 159.18 2005-06 439.36 2239.31 368.12 340.20 2006-07 532.68 1612.23 396.32 173.38 2007-08 845.30 1673.48 399.16 406.00 Source: Annexure 3 Figure No: 9 Table 9 and Figure 9 represent the CPSE Logistics details. From the details it is observed that the sector has grown by 399 percent compared to the base year 1998 which is taken as 100. BEML is the market leader which has shown a growth of 1673 percent compared to the base year 1998. G. E. Shipping which is a private company which is compared to the BEML has shown a growth of 406 percent compared to the base year. Study on the Contribution of Public Sector Financial Companies to the Bombay Stock Exchange Market Capitalization for the period of 1993-94 to 2007-08 Section à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? covers the study of the contribution of Public Sector Financial Institutions (PSFIs) to the market capitalization of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) for the period of 1993-94 to 2007-08. For the purpose of the study 17 PSFIs were taken which were regularly quoted in the BSE for the study period. The study also considered the contribution made by the private bank à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ICICIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as a comparison to the performance of the PSFIs. For the study purpose PSFIs include Commercial Banks, Development Banks, Merchant Banking Companies, Financial Companies, and Housing Finance Companies as they are held by certain Public Sector Banks (PSBs) Table: 10 Contribution of Public Sector Financial Institutions to Bombay Stock Exchange Market Capitalization In Rs. Crore PSFIs/Years 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 BSE Mart. Cap. 368071 425481 526476 463912 560325 545361 912842 625553 612224 Bank Of Baroda 2664.00 3093.20 1346.80 1342.36 1786.36 1419.32 Bank Of India 2709.36 1278.00 1000.04 722.07 1603.89 Can Fin Homes Ltd. 112.75 76.88 43.05 31.26 30.34 29.93 35.36 41.00 51.83 Canara Bank G I C Housing Finance Ltd. 86.42 54.01 43.66 41.41 35.11 19.00 16.20 18.46 I D B I Bank Ltd. 7336.72 5687.64 5758.31 1999.09 3163.54 1746.32 1067.38 Ind Bank Housing Ltd. 22.50 20.00 13.00 5.75 4.00 4.50 3.50 3.05 2.00 Indbank Mer.Bank. Ser. Ltd. 172.05 68.82 19.98 18.65 7.77 15.99 5.77 5.33 Indian Bank L I C Housing Finance Ltd. 502.89 364.03 405.31 337.76 285.60 245.81 225.55 540.79 P N B Gilts Ltd. 232.89 241.66 Punjab National Bank S B I Home Finance Ltd. 101.25 86.25 51.00 38.25 27.00 16.50 13.80 9.75 10.50 State Bank Of Bikaner Jaipur 293.38 222.50 117.50 137.25 136.50 168.22 State Bank Of India 8122.72 6019.36 8131.27 14354.80 14841.63 11231.22 10583.87 10539.14 11568.05 State Bank Of Mysore    86.40 79.56 75.62 101.16 State Bank Of Travancore 250.50 112.50 110.68 129.00 152.50 Total Contribution to BSE by PSFIs 8359.22 6963.85 16061.90 23544.03 27334.66 16550.92 16750.76 15669.22 16951.09 Total PSFIs Mart. Cap./BSE 2.27 1.64 3.05 5.08 4.88 3.03 1.84 2.50 2.77 ICICI Bank 755.70 452.10 5117.29 3255.38 2732.45 ICICI Bank /BSE Mark. Cap. 0.13 0.08 0.56 0.52 0.45 Contà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Table: 10 Contribution of Public Sector Financial Institutions to Bombay Stock Exchange Market Capitalization In Rs. Crore PSFIs/Years 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Average BSE Mart. Cap. 572197 1201207 1698428 3022189 3545041 5296758 1358404 Bank Of Baroda 2542.64 7117.55 6394.65 8389.03 7846.29 10341.52 4523.64 Bank Of India 1851.72 2870.78 5044.58 6433.68 8178.60 13281.67 4088.58 Can Fin Homes Ltd. 58.90 83.58 90.54 101.20 122.71 138.69 69.87 Canara Bank 2919.20 5928.60 8216.40 10942.90 7982.70 9233.20 7537.17 G I C Housing Finance Ltd. 20.17 53.83 98.14 221.33 221.60 323.91 89.52 I D B I Bank Ltd. 1080.43 3792.95 5951.00 5667.31 5613.03 6453.74 4255.19 Ind Bank Housing Ltd. 3.00 3.81 7.31 10.59 14.74 17.85 9.04 Indbank Mer.Bank. Ser. Ltd. 7.10 10.92 26.45 36.57 73.67 90.75 39.99 Indian Bank 3876.53 7000.95 5438.74 L I C Housing Finance Ltd. 493.06 1368.27 2003.14 1610.32 1169.52 2375.14 851.94 P N B Gilts Ltd. 288.24 345.62 254.49 263.94 245.04 372.62 280.56 Punjab National Bank 2702.11 8858.45 12400.85 14857.05 14871.24 16022.10 11618.63 S B I Home Finance Ltd. 10.42 20.76 31.57 23.02 23.02 23.02 32.41 State Bank Of Bikaner Jaipur 260.00 854.72 1180.00 2082.17 1674.00 2499.00 802.10 State Bank Of India 14204.81 31877.92 34575.20 50948.36 52256.22 100962.64 25347.81 State Bank Of Mysore 154.44 643.68 736.02 2277.63 1851.57 2700.00 870.61 State Bank Of Travancore 207.50 775.95 1012.57 2075.97 1504.18 2387.97 792.67 Total Contribution to BSE by PSFIs 26803.74 64607.39 78022.91 105941.07 107524.66 174224.77 47020.68 Total PSFIs Mart. Cap./BSE 4.68 5.38 4.59 3.51 3.03 3.29 3.46 ICICI Bank 8211.60 18239.04 28952.94 52432.87 76702.20 85688.06 25685.42 ICICI Bank /BSE Mark. Cap. 1.44 1.52 1.70 1.73 2.16 1.62 0.79 From the Table 10 where the PSFIs market capitalization for the period of 1993-94 to 2007-08 is given, it is observed that total PSFIs contribution has varied between 1.84 percent to 5.38 percent. In absolute figures it was between Rs.6963.85 crore to Rs.174224.77 crore. Further from the table it is observed that in 1993-94 the contribution was at 2.27 percent reduced to 1.64 percent in 1994-96. The period of 1995-96 was an increase up to 3.05 percent. On an average the PSFIs have contributed 3.46 percent to the BSEs total market capitalization. Table: 11 Comparison of State Bank of India (SBI), Total Contribution by PFSIs and ICICI Bank to BSE market capitalization. In. Rs. Crore Time Period BSE Mart. Cap. State Bank of India Total Contribution to BSE by PSFIs ICICI Bank 1993-94 368071 8122.72 8359.22 1994-95 425481 6019.36 6963.85 1995-96 526476 8131.27 16061.90 1996-97 463912 14354.80 23544.03 1997-98 560325 14841.63 27334.66 755.70 1998-99 545361 11231.22 16550.92 452.10 1999-00 912842 10583.87 16750.76 5117.29 2000-01 625553 10539.14 15669.22 3255.38 2001-02 612224 11568.05 16951.09 2732.45 2002-03 572197 14204.81 26803.74 8211.60 2003-04 1201207 31877.92 64607.39 18239.04 2004-05 1698428 34575.20 78022.91 28952.94 2005-06 3022189 50948.36 105941.07 52432.87 2006-07 3545041 52256.22 107524.66 76702.20 2007-08 5296758 100962.64 174224.77 85688.06 Average 1358404.33 25347.81 47020.68 25685.42 Figure: 10 Comparison of trends of State Bank of India, Public Sector Financial Institutions and ICICI Bank to Market Capitalization of Bombay Stock Exchange From the Table :11 and Figure :10 where the comparison of trend movement of PSFIs , SBI and ICICI are depicted it is observed that PSFIs contribution has varied between Rs.6963.85 crore to Rs.174224.77 crore for the period of 1993-94 to 2007-08. SBI has contributed Rs.6019.36 crore to Rs.100962.64 crore. The ICICI Bank which is a private player has contributed Rs.452.10 crore in 1998-99 and increased to Rs.85688.06 crore in 2007-08. The trend of PSFIs shows that it is aligned with that SBI and ICICI Bank. Further it is observed that the contribution of SBI, ICICI are on increasing trend through out the study period. Section à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Study on the Contribution of Public Sector Financial Companies and Central Public Sector Enterprises to the Bombay Stock Exchange Market Capitalization for the period of 1993-94 to 2007-08 Table: 12 Comparison of contribution by PSFIs, CPSEs and Total contribution of Public sector to BSE market capitalization Time Period BSE Market Cap. CPSEs Contribution PSFIs Contribution Total Contribution by CPSEs and PSFIs Total Contribution by CPSEs and PSFI CPSEs Contribution PSFIs Contribution In Rs. Crore In Percent 1993-94 368071.00 67734.21 8359.22 76093.43 20.67 18.40 2.27 1994-95 425481.00 56410.04 6963.85 63373.89 14.89 13.26 1.64 1995-96 526476.00 119718.12 8131.27 127849.39 24.28 22.74 1.54 1996-97 463912.00 124083.31 23544.03 147627.34 31.82 26.75 5.08 1997-98 560325.00 141761.09 27334.66 169095.75 30.18 25.30 4.88 1998-99 545361.00 76482.81 16550.92 93033.73 17.06 14.02 3.03 1999-00 912842.00 83902.99 16750.76 100653.75 11.03 9.19 1.84 2000-01 625553.00 75474.26 15669.22 91143.48 14.57 12.07 2.50 2001-02 612224.00 118846.84 16951.09 135797.93 22.18 19.41 2.77 2002-03 572197.00 130842.54 26803.74 157646.28 27.55 22.87 4.68 2003-04 1201207.00 324448.02 64607.39 389055.41 32.39 27.01 5.38 2004-05 1698428.00 418992.96 78022.91 497015.87 29.26 24.67 4.59 2005-06 3022189.00 635864.96 105941.07 741806.03 24.55 21.04 3.51 2006-07 3545041.00 627689.89 107524.66 735214.55 20.74 17.71 3.03 2007-08 5296758.00 1011593.74 174224.77 1185818.51 22.39 19.10 3.29 Average 1358404.33 267589.72 47020.68 314610.40 23.00 19.57 3.34 Figure 11: Comparison of Trend movements of PSFIs, CPSEs and Public Sector From the Table 12 and Figure 11 where the actual contribution to BSE market capitalization by the Total Public Sector, PSFIs and CPSEs in terms of actual i.e., Rs. Crores and in percentage are depicted. It is observed that CPSEs have contributed on an average Rs.267590 crore and varied between Rs.56410.04 crore to Rs.1011594.00 crore. PSFIs contributed on an average Rs.47020.70 crore and varied between Rs.6963.85 crore to 174224.80 crore. Further the table reveals that public sector has contributed 23 percent on average and CPSEs have contributed 19.57 percent and PSFIs 3.44 percent for the BSE market capitalization during the study period. Figure 12 Linear Regression Plot between CPSE PSFIs and BSE Market Capitalization BSE = 11805.422+4.287* CPSE PSFIs R 2 = 0.96 Table 13 Regression Results for CPSE PSFIs Market Capitalization and BSE Market Capitalization: Regression Standard t-Value Significance Variables Co-efficient (ÃŽÂ ²) Error Level (P-Value) r =0.983 r2 = 0.96 (Constant) 11805.422 101357.100 0.116 0.010 CPSE PSFIs MAR. CAP. 4.28 .225 19.050 0.000 BSE Market Capitalization = Dependent Variable The Figure 12 and Table 13 represent the Linear Regression Plot and Regression values between CPSE PSFIs market capitalization and BSE market capitalization. From the R2 value of 0.96 it is understood that the relation is very strong and positive and it indicates that there is a good fit between the market capitalization of BSE and PSU. The P value is 0.001, which is less than 0.05. This signifies that contribution of CPSE PSFIs market capitalization to overall BSE market capitalization is significant. Thus CPSE PSFIs market capitalization is a good indicator of total market capitalization incorporated in BSE SENSEX. Table 14 Squared Euclidean Distance: Proximity Matrix Absolute Square Euclidean Distance CPSE PSFIs BSE CPSE PSFIs 0.000 0.699 BSE 0.699 0.000 This is a Dissimilarity Matrix Further, in Table 14, Absolute Squared Euclidean Distance is computed and proximity matrix is obtained. The Table indicates that the dissimilarity between CPSE PSFIs and BSE market capitalization is 0.69. This indicates that there are dissimilarities between BSE market capitalization and PSU market capitalization to an extent of 69 percent. Table 15 Correlation Matrix for BSE Market Capitalization and CPSE PSFIs Market Capitalization Further, in Table 15 correlation matrix is computed between BSE market capitalization and PSU market capitalization, which explains that there, exists a high correlation (0.983) between the two. Conclusion: The paper attempts to evaluate the contribution in terms of market capitalization of Central Public Sector Enterprises and Public Financial Institutions in the stock market with reference to the companies quoted at the Bombay Stock Exchange. Market capitalization is the total value of a companys free float as determined by its share price in the stock market; it is calculated as the number of free float of ordinary shares multiplied by the previous days closing share price. . At the end of the study period, 2007-08, the CPSEs contribution to total BSE market capitalization is at the rate of 20.97 percent. The study observes that the Oil Gas sector, on an average, contributed 10.85 percent of the 19.74 percent by the entire CPSEs to total BSE market capitalization. This shows that the Oil Gas sector has contributed 55 percent to the total CPSEs market capital, with the remaining eight sectors contributing only 45 percent. . On an average the PSFIs have contributed 3.46 percent to th e BSEs total market capitalization. Further the study finds that overall CPSEs and PSFIs have contributed 23 percent on average and CPSEs have contributed 19.57 percent and PSFIs 3.44 percent for the BSE market capitalization during the study period. From the regression it is observed that R2 value is 0.96 and it is understood that the relation is very strong and positive and it indicates that there is a good fit between the market capitalization of BSE and PSU. Correlation matrix is computed between BSE market capitalization and PSU market capitalization, which explains that there, exists a high correlation (0.983) between the two. To conclude it can be said that the contribution of CPSEs and PFSIs has been on an increasing trend and this would provide stability to the stock market in the long run as there involves control of the government in the operations of these CPSEs and PFSIs.

The Impact Of Economic Growth Through The Process Of The...

M21 EFA YANG LIU 5289976 20/4/2015 The Impact on Economic Growth through the Process of the Financial Liberalization of Developing Countries Abstract: The purpose of this study was to show that the decisive factor in financial liberalization that financial development can stimulate economic growth. Three different components were analyzed. The first is that the by using the endogenous growth model to find the relationship between internal financial liberalization and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the theoretical components. The second portion includes an empirical study by using panel data to verify the theoretical relationship between the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and financial liberalization and. It covers a sample of 15 developing countries, enabling us to achieve three basic results. First, when the financial system is not liberalized, we noted that it has a negative effect on the growth of foreign direct investment per capita GDP. Second, when foreign direct investment is characterized implement them have a positive effect on economic growth of its financial industry in developed countries. This means that the key variable, which determines the degree of efficiency of FDI liberalization of the financial system. Therefore, foreign direct investment affect economic growth no liberalized financial system to challenge. Third, we found that the level of financial development is strategy variables and it has positive impact on growth. Key words:Show MoreRelatedPositive And Negative Outcomes Of Economic Globalization1635 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative outcomes of economic globalization, and the impact on developed and developing nations. The findings indicate a strong trend in the belief that developed countries dominate in the world of international trade, as there resources ensure a competitive advantage over poorer undeveloped nations. 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