Situational Leadership of Steve Jobs - 1960 Words

Steve Jobs Case Study Steve Jobs is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. He is also the chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios and is a board member of Walt Disney Company. His creation of the Apple computer, however, is his well-known accomplishment. His personality can be described as aggressive and demanding. He is also considered as one of Silicon Valley’s leading egomaniacs. Mr. Jobs has always aspired to position Apple and its products at the forefront of the information technology industry. He has accomplished this by foreseeing and setting trends in innovation and style. Jobs has made history in the business world which, â€Å"†¦ has contributed much to the symbolic image of the idiosyncratic, individualistic†¦show more content†¦Other words to describe Participating are collaborating, facilitating, and committing. Steve Jobs uses a hands on approach to communicate to his developers and customers. He is known to communicate by email, blogs, and even ph one calls. This form of â€Å"Participating† with his customers and developers is highly effective because he is able to receive first-hand information about what they personally experience and give him constructive feedback in return. By using email as a channel of communication, he is able to collaborate with his developers and customers. His blogs are also another form of communication channel that allows for everyone on the internet to view and respond to him to participate in the conversation. A phone call from Steve Jobs is a â€Å"privilege† channel of communication that allows for instant feedback and support. Jobs also participates in personally showcasing the first demonstration for the Mac computer. Jobs’ main participation is in the form of presenting Apple merchandise and business. The achievement of the company and the CEO stems less from a participative or democratic style of leadership, but very much more from Jobs’ ability to constantly i nnovate and make things happen. Mr. Jobs has used the (S3) style to empower his tech developers and push them along in their careers as they have and continue to create great products for the masses. The fourth quadrant of SituationalShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theory : Contingency Theories1235 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Theory: Contingency Theories It has been determined that there a number of leaders who change their leadership style depending on the situation at hand. For instance, leaders who feel threatened by its followers including persons whom they perceived to be a threat to their assumption of powers tend to become authoritative as a survival tactic. This can be seen in the current world among most leaders across the globe. Contingency theory has been proposed to explain this behavior. This paperRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leaders And Styles Of Leadership1590 Words   |  7 Pagesobligation to be a leader (Dufour, Marzano, 2011). Leadership defined by Owen (2002) is, â€Å"A journey of discovery. It is the expression of a person at his or her best whose aim is to transform something for the better and to develop this potential in others. It is not a solitary pursuit but one that harnesses the energy of those around you. Leadership is a process in which leaders and followers engage to achieve mutual goals. Prentice (2 004) defines leadership as the accomplishment of a goal through theRead MoreThe Situational Approach And Contingency Theories Of Leadership830 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyze the situational approach and contingency theories of leadership. As looked through various theories, I found the situational approach theory and the contingency theory to be particularly interesting. 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Some of the main styles that contribute to successful leadershipRead MoreAutocratic Leadership2056 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Leadership and Steve Jobs Wuleymatu Brimah Haohui Guan Woongki Hong Jin Nelsy Sanchez Management 3120 December 1st, 2014 Autocratic Leadership Leadership is the process of inspiring others to work hard and accomplish important goals, (Schermerhorn, 258). When we refer to a leader, we do not only look at the aspects in which he inspires others. We also focus on the capacity of the leader to have a vision. This concept is better known as visionary leadership. Visionary leadership is whatRead MorePersonal Theory Based Leadership Style1581 Words   |  7 Pages Personal theory-based leadership style: A reflective paper Introduction There are many theories of leadership. Depending on the researcher, some theories may also be subdivided based on specific characteristic. Nevertheless, regardless of the researcher’s views, for the practitioner, it is important to be cognizant of their personal style. The responsibilities of an educational leader are vast and varied. They must be able to be effective with the faculty, support staff, students, parents, communityRead MoreMotivating1047 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviors and how they are treated on a daily basis. As a company decides to move employees have an enormous amount of things to consider. A few of my concerns with employees moving are; cost of living at the new location, school and daycare for children, jobs available for their spouse, and public transportation. Moving to a new location incurs costs that may be more significant that the compensation package allows. Selling a home at the current location and purchasing a new one is a tedious process. RequiringRead MoreThe Leadership Style Of Steve Jobs Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pages Steve Jobs was a computer designer, executive and innovator, as well as an all-around role model for many people in both their businesses and their personal lives. As the cofounder of Apple Computers and former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios, he revolutionized the computer and animation industries, amassing a fortune worth $10.2 billion at the time of his death. Jobs intuitively understood the power of cultural influence in sustaining the strategic capab ilities implicit in his perpetual vision ofRead MoreThe Leadership Style Of Steve Jobs1717 Words   |  7 Pages Steve Jobs was a computer designer, executive and innovator, as well as an all-around role model for many people in both their businesses and their personal lives. As the cofounder of Apple Computers and former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios, he revolutionized the computer and animation industries, amassing a fortune worth $10.2 billion at the time of his death. Jobs intuitively understood the power of cultural influence in sustaining the strategic capabilities implicit in his perpetual vision ofRead MoreThe Leadership Style Of Steve Jobs Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Steve Jobs was a computer designer, executive and innovator, as well as an all-around role model for many people in both their businesses and their personal lives. As the cofounder of Apple Computers and former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios, he revolutionized the computer and animation industries , amassing a fortune worth $10.2 billion at the time of his death.†(Hom , 2013) Jobs intuitively understood the power of cultural influence in sustaining the strategic capabilities implicit in his perpetual

A Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini - 1504 Words

A Thousand Splendid Suns is an historical fiction novel, written by Khaled Hosseini, set in Afghanistan during the late 1960’s to early 2000’s. It follows the life of Mariam, a ‘harami’ child, who experiences the twisted reality of polygamy first hand. Hosseini explores thought provoking ideas in a society where gender inequality and poorly valued education is the normality. Hosseini’s main purpose is to show the importance of differing perspectives, as well as how to discern between the right and wrong ones. A key theme that almost instantly emerged from the text as I began to read was gender equality – or the lack thereof. I am passionate about equality between the genders and the further I read the more unequal the characters were†¦show more content†¦The Women’s March was a worldwide protest aimed to advocate not only women’s rights, but all human rights, health care and other topical issues. I personally believe that this protest was one of the most empowering of all time, showcasing the incredible power found in a united front of people. Not only independent, strong female ‘feminists’, but also men who believe equal opportunities are deserved by all. As Emma Watson, famous actress and feminism advocate, once said, â€Å"It is time that we all see gender as a spectrum instead of two sets of opposing ideals†. This quote from such an inspiring woman came to the surface as I read this book, because it holds such truth applicable to A Tho usand Splendid Suns. It successfully reinforces this novel’s main theme of gender inequality. An interesting idea that A Thousand Splendid Suns addressed was the importance of education. Khaled Hosseini seemed to be suggesting that in Mariam’s world there is no use in a girl getting an education. We see this in the text when Mariam expresses her interest to Nana about going to school. Nana says, â€Å"You’ll learn nothing of value in those schools. There is only one, only one skill a woman like you and me needs in life. And it’s this: Endure†. This shows us how education is valued in another culture, in this case, in Afghanistan. I like how Hosseini has linked the themes of gender and education closely together, as it supports the characters’ actions and perspectives common to the Afghani peopleShow MoreRelatedA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini1838 Words   |  8 PagesThat was the case for Afghanistan in the late 1900s and Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns gives the reader insight into what it was like to be a woma n trying to survive in those trying times. Hosseini’s use of character development and setting, with it’s respected culture such as the city of Kabul, the people, and burqas, reveals the themes of the integrity of woman and the power of love. In the beginning of A Thousand Splendid Suns, the reader is introduced to a little girl named MariamRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini2359 Words   |  10 Pages A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini is a beautiful tale of two women in Afghanistan during the Taliban uprising. They grow up on complete opposite sides of Afghan culture. The main character, Mariam, grows up in a more traditional way caused by her forced marriage to Rasheed. Laila on the other hand, grows up with a supportive father who encourages gender equality and education. There are many cultural differences such as, women’s rights, public executions, and the Taliban. The two mainRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini1577 Words   |  7 PagesIn Khaled Hosseini’s novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, women live in an oppressive, discriminatory Afghan society in which they are deemed useless and obtain little to no rights, yet still manage to endure the burden that falls upon them. After the immensely false interpretations of her father and the bitter fatality of her mother, Mariam’s father demands she marries a stranger considerably older than her at the age of fifteen. Rasheed prays daily in hopes for Laila to produce a male offspring andRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesto rapidly advance, which ultimately produces instability and division. When elements of society—such as politics or economics—are erratic, a solid foundation cannot be formed. The book A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini is an example of how a society can crumble without stability. A Thousand Splendid Suns tells of how Afghanistan is impacted as it passes through five eras of different political powers. The traditional culture and beliefs were altered with each governing group which generatedRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini2007 Words   |  9 Pagesrights. That was the case in Afghanistan in the late 1900s and Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns gives the reader insight into what it was like to be a woman trying to survive in those trying tim es. Hosseini’s use of character development and setting, with it’s respected culture, such as the city of Kabul and burqas, reveals the themes of the integrity of woman and the power of love. In the beginning of A Thousand Splendid Suns, the reader is introduced to a little girl named Mariam. SheRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini1141 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyse how the ending created a satisfying outcome in the written text(s). A thousand splendid suns by Khaled Hosseini is a book that was reviewed as unforgettable by Isabelle Allende, and I wholeheartedly agree with the statement. The ending or epilogue of A Thousand Splendid Suns was most indeed unforgettable. The ending was personally my favourite part of the novel. The four points I will elaborate on is the character I admired during the denouement, the plot of the epilogue, the setting ofRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini1461 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini. Laila and Mariam are two women who fall victim to physical, sexual and emotional abuse during the course of the novel. This abuse is suffered at the hand of Rasheed their husband. Physical Physical abuse is present throughout the course of the novel and Laila and Mariam suffer constantly with the abuse. It starts off as one violent action that leads to another and before you know it has turned into a vicious cycle. In A Thousand Splendid SunsRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini1421 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Khaled Hosseini’s sophomore novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, shares a setting with his previous novel, the turmoil of the recent decades of Afghanistan s existence. However, despite similar themes, Hosseini once again manages to craft a story that is as engaging as it is poignant, as compassionate as it is critical, and as thoughtful as it is visceral. Summary: However, when Laila’s child is born, Aziza, and turns out to be a girl, Laila’s relationship with Rasheed deterioratesRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini1459 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout A Thousand Splendid Suns, Barthes’ statement is displayed as author Khaled Hosseini raises the following question: How did Rasheem’s treatment of Mariam and Laila show how women were treated during this time in Afghanistan? Actions that most people would see as illegal were typical in Rasheed’s house and caused Mariam and Laila to be afraid of him. He would rape them whenever he wanted, force them to wear coverings that shielded them from men, and brutally beat them. As Hosseini describesRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini2047 Words   |  9 Pages4 Main Characters In A Thousand Splendid Suns, Khaled Hosseini brings his story to life through Mariam, Laila, Rasheed, and Tariq. These four characters help Hosseini illustrate life in Afghanistan during the 1960s to the early 2000s. Mariam was born to a wealthy man and a housekeeper. She lives with her mother in a little shack a distance from her father’s mansion because he is ashamed of her and didn’t want her birth to ruin his reputation. He preferred to act like nothing happened rather than

Ozone Depletion and Monthly Test English Free Essays

Pick out the nouns in each sentence. Write them on the sheet provided, Then, write A if the noun names a person, B- a place, C-a thing, and D – an event. Example: The boys played their toys. We will write a custom essay sample on Ozone Depletion and Monthly Test English or any similar topic only for you Order Now Answer: boys – person , toys – thing 1. Do you have a map of the Philippines? 2. The children were tired after their field trip. 3. Our parents always remind us to respect the elders. 4. The earthquake originated in Martinique. 5. Aunt Ana forgot her umbrella. B. Stem-option Directions: Choose an appropriate noun to complete each sentence. Write the letter of your answer on the sheet provided. 1. The athlete wave the Philippine all day. A. Frog b. Flag c. Flood 2. The strong typhoon blew down the on the road. A. Balloon b. Trees c. People 3. Brenda can’t pay the phone bill because she has no c. Pony 4. The loud scared the children. A. Thunder b. Typhoon c. Earthquake 5. Animals in the circus do funny c. Tricks a. Feet C. Identification . A. Honey b. Money noun. Directions: Identify the underline noun as common or proper Example: Linda is baking a cake for her family. Answer: Linda – proper noun 1. The Philippines has three major islands . Basketball Is a very popular sports in our country. 3. Hans Christian Andersen Is an author of classic children’s stories. 4. â€Å"The Little 5. Some modern appliances contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. II. READING A. Stem Option Variety Directions: Write the missing last two letters of the words given below. Make sure that the completed words fit the description of the phrases. Write the whole word on the sheet provided. Example: the same as a present gig_ Answer: gift 1. To go up the stairs – clip 2. The color produced when red and white are combined -pi ace as a disguise – ma 4. Meeting that is worn on the waist be 5. To open and close the eyes blip . 3. Is placed on the A. Directions: Pick -out the words with consonant digraphs. Write your answer on the sheet provided. Prepared by: Ms. Railway P. Eternal Grade School Department How to cite Ozone Depletion and Monthly Test English, Papers

Eliot Ness Essay Example For Students

Eliot Ness Essay Who was Eliot Ness? Nearly anyone knows Ness accomplishments in Cleveland when he went up against Al Capone. Most also know Capone eventually went to jail for tax evasion, but what happened to Ness and his Untouchables? Did they merely fade away into quiet life? The fate of Ness was quite the opposite, he continued doing what he fell in love with. Taking down corruption on any level. He carried on his war on the mob for an entire decade after Capone, staging daring raids on bootleggers, illegal gambling clubs and generally putting organized crime on the run. Ness exploits in Chicago were chronicled in his book The Untouchables, but if he had carried on against the mob, why wouldnt he publicize such exploits? He actually intended to do so but his life was cut short by a heart attack before he was able. ;#9;Eliot Ness was born on April 19, 1903 in Chicago. He was a lucky boy born into an almost storybook type of American family. His parents, Peter and Emma Ness, were Norwegian immigran ts who had earned a comfortable middle class life for their family by very hard work and practical living. Over the years, Peter had made his wholesale bakery into a thriving business. It is supposed that Ness gained his fathers work-aholic traits that drove him so hard later in life. Eliot was the youngest of the five Ness children. There was a huge age difference between Eliot and his siblings. His brother whom was closest to Eliot in age was none the less thirteen years older. Hence Eliot received a great deal of individual attention from his parents who were well into middle age when he was born. Due to this Eliot was a remarkable well-behaved boy, full of integrity and enthusiasm. Eliot was an excellent student who preferred his studies to rowdier activities. It is supposed that Eliots older brother in law fueled his need for adventure, which eventually drove him to civic duty. ;#9;Young Eliot Ness attended the University of Chicago and earned a degree in business and law. When he graduated in 1925 he greatly upset those he loved by choosing a career in credit investigation rather that his planned path of business. During his short lived credit investigator career he studied criminology at night. Two years later Ness managed to be transferred to the Prohibition Bureau with some help from his brother in law. Here the staggering level of corruption stunned him in his office. In his book he writes that he may have excepted this fact were it not for his walk home one night. He was with his partner at the time and by some trick of fate they passed none other than Al Capone on the street. To his amazement his partner tipped his hat and all but bowed as they passed. ;#9;By late 1928 Al Capone was the most flamboyant and successful criminals in the United States. His power was arguably unmatched by any criminal to date. Capones influence was so amazingly strong that Frank Loesch, the president of the Chicago Crime Commission literally had to ask Capones help in s ecuring an honest election in Cook County. Considering the level of corruption spread from mere patrolmen all the way up to the Illinois Governor, Loesch was forced to turn to the most powerful man in the city. In the spring Republican primary earlier that year candidates and party members were openly murdered and voters scared away. Hence Loesch needed Capone to prevent violence. Loesch later admitted ;quot;It turned out to be the squarest and most successful election day in forty years. There was not one complaint, not one election fraud and no threat of trouble all day.;quot; ;#9;In order to take down Capone it was surmised that a special team would be installed, but who should be on this team? Corruption was rampant in the prohibition bureau at the time and honest men were few and far between. Once again with some help from his brother in law Ness was recognized for his integrity and granted the task of assembling and leading a team to go directly after Al Capones breweries and other illegal operations. In Ness book he estimates that Capone had at least twenty breweries in operation, each producing at least a hundred barrels a day. Ness was given records of the entire US prohibition bureau, from which to assemble his small team. Above all he demanded honesty and integrity, hoping to keep his crusade secure from inside leaks.#9;quot;I ticked off the general qualities I desired: single, no older than thirty, both the mental and physical stamina to work long hours and the courage and ability to use fist or gun and special investigative techniques. I needed a good telephone man, one who could tap a wire with speed and precision. I needed men who were excellent drivers, for much of our success would depend upon how expertly they could trail the mobs cars and trucks and fresh faces -from other divisionswho were not known to the Chicago mobsters.;quot;After reviewing the bureaus records for some time he came up with a list of fifty men, he quickly brought this do wn to fifteen. After that he whittled it more still, until only nine names remained on his list. 1. Marty Lahart: an Irish sports and fitness enthusiast2. Sam Seager: a tough but unobtrusive looking man who was a death row guard3. Barney Cloonan: a giant muscular Irishman4. Lyle Chapman: brilliant problem solver, ex Colgate University football player5. Tom Friel: a former state trooper from Pennsylvania6. Joe Leeson: arguably the greatest urban driver ever to live7. Paul Robsky: telephone expert with extraordinary courage8. Mike King: unobtrusive man with a talent for analyzing facts9. Bill Gardner: an enormous former pro football star of Native American decent Even with his team of specialists Ness was not without human fears. It was well known that Al Capone was the greatest criminal ever to walk the earth and every honest cop who ever went after him wound up dead. Not only cops for that matter but rivaling gangsters, such as Bugs Moran who was executed in the famous St. Valentine s Day Massacre. Dispite the obvious danger Ness ripped into Capones illegal activities with unmatched zeal. #9;The first skirmish Ness had with Capone was an unparalleled success. He split his team so that each would make two raids that night for a total of eighteen stills. It was a complete success, fifty-two men were jailed and thousands of dollars in equipment was confiscated, and the product of this equipment poured down the sewers. In the months that followed Ness led raid after raid, and although Capone adapted his defenses, Ness adapted his attacks as well. Wire tapping was their most useful ally and helped them meet success time after time. At first Capone thought against assassinating Ness, seeing as the death of a prominent federal agent would only worsen his troubles. However Capone truly believed that every man had his price and tried to bribe Ness with two thousand dollars a week. At the time Eliot made a mere three thousand dollars a year, yet his integrity forbade him to take the bribe. He similarly attempted to bribe Ness Untouchables Seager and Lahart. One of Capones men threw an envelope of money into the agents car as he passed. Seager and Lahart caught up to the man and threw the money back at him, such was their dedication to Ness. Eliot made sure this event was publicized, it was in this story that one newspaper coined the term The Untouchables. After this Capone no longer cared about further federal involvement and became obsessed with the idea of killing Ness. Several attempts were made from car bombs, to shootings, to running him down with a car, however Ness always escaped unscathed through what seemed to be pure luck. ;#9;Capone struck those he cared about next killing Frank Basile, Nesss friend. This encouraged Ness to humiliate Capone as the gangster had never been humiliated before, Ness planned a parade. Throughout his raids Ness had confiscated over 70 trucks from breweries, these trucks needed to be moved to a larger storage fa cility and Eliot intended to make a show of it. He called Capones headquarters at the Lexington Hotel and bullied his way into getting Capone himself on the line. He merely told the notorious villain to look out his window, at that exact time the trucks passed by, moving at an agonizingly slow pace. This inspired Capone to plant another car bomb aimed at Ness however once again he escaped through sheer luck. ;#9;Finally Ness and his team had collected enough evidence for the federal government to make its case against Capone. However in June of 1931 Capones lawyers struck a deal with U.S. Attorney Johnson with a deal, Capone would plead guilty to a sentence of two and a half years. Johnson agreed and recommended the sentence to Judge Wilkerson. This put Capone in rather good spirits when he entered court on June 16th however Wilkerson quickly changed his mood. The judge said he would consider Johnsons recommendation but was not bound by it. October 17th 1931 a jury convicted him of tax evasion, (they were not convinced by the majority of Ness evidence) he was sentenced to eleven years jail and $50,000 fines as well as another $30,000 more in court costs. Ness made special arrangements to ensure Capone was lead to his last train ride by The Untouchables. That was the last Ness saw of Capone who was infected with syphilis and died in prison, the worlds greatest crime boss died a near vegetable. The Greenhouse Effect Persuasive Essay#9;Yes, Ness said thoughtfully, I think youre the killer.Sitting on the bed Ness became even more aware of the mans hulking size. Sweeneys bulk covered most of the window. He whirled around toward Ness. The smile had become a menacing sneer. You think? He advanced toward Ness, who steeled himself for an attack. He leaned down and put his face a few inches from Ness. Then prove it! he hissed. ;#9;Shaken Ness got up from the bed and opened the door. Cowles, he called. No one answered. Grossman? he called louder. Still no one answered. His words seemed to echo in the empty parlor. He was alone with a madman. ;#9;Sweeney smiled knowingly. Looks like they all went to lunch.Ness went to the phone quickly, tracked down his colleagues in the coffee shop, and suggested that Cowles get back to the suite immediately.quot; (Excerpt from The Untouchables)Unfortunately all evidence against Sweeney was circumstantial, and it was impossible to make a case against him. Another murder has never been attributed to The Mad Butcher; a case that remains unsolved to this day. Soon after the Sweeney incident Ness was involved in a car accident involving alcohol, this severely damaged his reputation and he resigned from his position. Although he did not merely fade away, he owned a large lock and safe company for some time but it finally did fail. He also ran for mayor of Cleveland in 1947, it is surmised that had he run earlier in life, he would have had a good chance of winning, however this late in life he was beaten in a landslide. Soon after his defeat he, his third wife and adopted son moved to the slee py town of Coudersport, Pennsylvania. He was having financial problems at the time but hoped the publication of The Untouchables would solve that once and for all. However just before its publication he passed away of a heart attack at the age of 54. #9;Ness left several contributions in his passing. Among them, the use of the polygraph in police work, and the first successful two way radio networking of police in a city. He also left an undeniable mark upon the city of Cleveland, virtually ridding it of corruption on all levels. The downfall of Capone was the most obvious of his great achievements. Yet Ness left behind one contribution which few men have managed to leave. A legend. #9;Ness aspired to become a hero in the true sense of the word. Throughout history true tales of heroes are few and far between. He became an idol not only for the people of Chicago, Cleveland and Ohio but for the entire nation. His name to this day stimulates a fascination with the mob, corruption and t he men who stood against it. He was also the man who hunted down one of the first documented serial killers in history. Ness left behind a living legend of integrity, honesty, and indomitable spirit. Even though he no longer lives his legacy will carry his memory on in the form of stories, movies, novels and the like. Perhaps Ness is the exemption to the phrase, quot;Heroes dont die, they merely fade away.;quot; For Eliot Ness is one hero, who never faded away.

Connective tissue Essay Example

Connective tissue Essay What are the five most important functions of epithelial tissue. Identify the four principal tissue types. Explain how the shape of epithelial cells is used for classification purposes. What are the four types of epithelium described in this classification process? Classify epithelium according to the layers of cells present. List the types of simple and stratified epithelium and give examples of each. Which of the following best describes the number of blood vessels in epithelial tissue: none, very few, very numerous? What is glandular epithelium? Give examples. How do exocrine glands secrete their products? Name three kinds of fibers that may be present in a connective tissue matrix. What are they made of? Compare the structure of the three major types of cartilage tissue. Locate and give an example of each type. List the components of whole blood and discuss the basic function of each fraction or cell type. List the three major types of muscle tissue. Identify two basic types of cells in nervous tissue. What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation? What causes each? Name three types of fibrous connective tissue and briefly describe each. Describe the regenerative capacity of muscle and nerve tissues. What makes bone tissue hard? Critical Thinking Questions A baby was born with congenital problems in the skeleton and muscle systems. From what primary germ layer do these systems arise? What is the earliest possible developmental stage where a problem could have impacted just one primary germ layer? Many athletes work to reduce their body fat to the lowest possible percent. What are some of the functional and structural consequences that could develop if too little body fat were present? If a tendon is badly damaged, it may need to be replaced surgically. Based on the structural and functional differences, explain why it must be replaced by a tendon rather than a ligament. If a small but deep cut involving skin and muscle occurs, predict which tissue will probably heal first and which will heal more completely. Explain your answer. When a joint swells, sometimes it is necessary to remove a thick colorless liquid from the joint. What is it, where did it come from, and what is its normal function. Chapter 5 Study Guide Answer Key What are the five most important functions of epithelial tissue. protection, sensory function, secretion, absorption, and excretion Identify the four principal tissue types. epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Explain how the shape of epithelial cells is used for classification purposes. What are the four types of epithelium described in this classification process? Epithelial cells can be flat and plate-like (squamous). They can be cube-like (cuboidal). The cells can be higher than wide (columnar). They can also be higher than wide with some cells not reaching the membrane (pseudostratified columnar). Classify epithelium according to the layers of cells present. Arrangement of epithelial cells in a single layer is called simple epithelium. If the epithelial cells are layered one on another, the tissue is called stratified epithelium. If the epithelial cells are layered in a relaxed state but can form a single layer when stretched, the tissue is called transitional epithelium. List the types of simple and stratified epithelium and give examples of each. Simple squamous: alveoli, lining of blood and lymph vessels, pericardium, peritoneum Simple cuboidal: glands and ducts, ducts and tubules of the kidney Simple columnar: lining of stomach, intestine, uterus, uterine, respiratory tract Pseudostratified columnar: air passages of respiratory system, reproductive system Stratified squamous: skin (keratinized), vagina, mouth, esophagous (nonkeratinized) Stratified cuboidal: sweat gland ducts, pharynx, epiglottis Stratified transitional: wall of the urinary bladder Which of the following best describes the number of blood vessels in  epithelial tissue: none, very few, very numerous? None What is glandular epithelium? Give examples. Glandular epithelium is specialized for secretory activity. They may function as one cell or many cells together. Exocrine glands empty their contents into ducts while endocrine glands empty their contents into the blood. How do exocrine glands secrete their products? Apocrine: pinch off distended end Holocrine: rupture completely Merocrine: directly through plasma membrane Name three kinds of fibers that may be present in a connective tissue matrix. What are they made of? collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers. They are made of protein. Compare the structure of the three major types of cartilage tissue. Locate and give an example of each type. Hyaline: shiny and transluscent; respiratory tubes, covering the ends of bones Fibrocartilage: rigid matrix, strong white fibers; spinal cord and knee Elastic cartilage: stong, flexible elastic fibers; external ear, larynx List the components of whole blood and discuss the basic function of each fraction or cell type. Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. The blood cells are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. The RBC transport gases, the WBC destroy harmful microorganisms, platelets assist in blood clot formation. The plasma transports nutrients and waste products, regulates the pH of body fluids, and helps maintain body temperature. List the three major types of muscle tissue. The three major types of muscle tissue are skeletal (striated voluntary), smooth (nonstriated involuntary), and cardiac (striated involuntary). Identify two basic types of cells in nervous tissue. The two basic types of cells in the nervous system are the neurons, which are the conducting cells, and neuroglia cells, which are the support cells. What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation? What causes each? The four cardinal signs of inflammation are rubor (redness), caused by increased blood flow; calor (heat), caused by increased blood flow; tumor (swelling), caused by the accumulation of inflammatory exudates and clot formation, and dolor (pain), caused by chemical mediators released by tissue injury and cell death. Name three types of fibrous connective tissue and briefly describe each. Areolar: stretchable, elastic glue, interwoven collagenous and elastic fibers; found between other tissues and organs Adipose: many fat cells, protective pads, food reserve, insulation; found under the skin Reticular: reticular fibers and reticular cells, filtration/defense function; found in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow   Dense fibrous: many fibers, few fibroblasts, irregular and regular types; found in the tendons (regular) and ligaments (irregular) Describe the regenerative capacity of muscle and nerve tissues. Muscle and nervous tissues have limited capacities to regenerate. Muscle tissue is often replace by connective tissue. Nerves outside the central nervous system can regenerate slowly. Normal brain and spinal cord neurons don not grow back when injured. What makes bone tissue hard? Inorganic salts/minerals make bone tissue hard. Critical Thinking Questions A baby was born with congenital problems in the skeleton and muscle systems. From what primary germ layer do these systems arise? What is the earliest possible developmental stage where a problem could have impacted just one primary germ layer? The skeletal and muscular systems arise from the mesoderm. The earliest time in development when only these tissue types would be affected is during or shortly after gastrulation. Many athletes work to reduce their body fat to the lowest possible percent. What are some of the functional and structural consequences that could develop if too little body fat were present? A proper amount of fat in the body is necessary. Fat is used to protect various body organs like the kidney. It acts as an insulator to help maintain body temperature and acts as a source of stored energy for the body. If a tendon is badly damaged, it may need to be replaced surgically. Based on the structural and functional differences, explain why it must be replaced by a tendon rather than a ligament. A tendon is made up of collagen fibers and connects muscle to bone. This provides density and flexibility with great tensile strength but no elasticity. Ligaments, which connect bones to bones, are irregular and made up of predominantly elastic fibers. This provides less strength and more flexibility. Therefore, the ligament would not function well as a tendon. If a small but deep cut involving skin and muscle occurs, predict which tissue will probably heal first and which will heal more completely. Explain your answer. The skin will probably heal faster and more completely. It is made of epithelial tissue, which heals faster and more completely that the muscle tissue. When a joint swells, sometimes it is necessary to remove a thick colorless liquid from the joint. What is it, where did it come from, and what is its normal function. The fluid is synovial fluid. It is produced by the synovial membrane surrounding the join; its function is to reduce the friction between bones in movable joints.

Curriculum Trends

Curriculum Trends Today's technology has had a tremendous impact on society. Today's student's can stay awake alot longer and learn in fast and effective ways. Today's educational curriculum must keep up with the current pace so that generations will benefit and continue developing technological innovations.In this paper I will express my personal views on the various curriculum trends in the next ten years. I will start by reviewing the impact that technology has on our current generation.Since the introduction of the personal computer and the internet. Great progress has been made in how our children will be able to learn at home independently at home. According to David Thornburg, because the Internet is "doubling in size every year, (and) the web is doubling in size every 90 days (there is need for) a complete rethinking of education" (1999, p.4). Learners will have "technological fluency (to) sit own at a computer and use it as easily as (they) can pick up and read a book in (their) native langua ge" (1999, p.5).Category:Educational researchWithin ten years from now this will be reality.The curriculum will require students to become computer literate at a very early age, as well as preschool. I do believe that the computer will develop in ways that will enhance far more than it's doing now. Learners will continue to be exposed to information via internet and television.Years from now the curriculum will include brain based learning ideas and the steps required to reach learners so that the process is meaningful. "Brain-based" learning will be more than an idea. The learning process has been changing for the past years. Of course, this change will be more evident in the future. According to David Sousa, "yesterday's methods worked well for yesterday's students. But the student brain's of today is quite...

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question Essay

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question - Essay Example The ABC model enables business organizations to adequately approximate the cost elements applicable to the products, activities and services. The cost elements enables business organizations make appropriate decisions. One decision entails identifying products and services that are loss generating or less profitable. The second decision entails removing the service and product which are ineffective, and ensure processing approach which results in better yielding products and services. ABC analyses the product and consumer expenses and also profitability, according to the production and the performing processes. Thus, ABC has the applied in supporting strategic business aspects like; pricing, outsourcing, and also the process improvement approaches (Hartgraves & Morse, 2015). ABC illustrates; fixed costs, variable costs, and overhead costs. The cost split illustrates the cost drivers. For example, in operating machines, the main cost driver is the machine operating driver. This is because the machine operating hours greatly influences the labor, power and also machine maintenance costs. ABC is effectively used in routine business processes. ABC ensures allocation of adequate resources to the profitable products and activities, resulting to enhanced profitability levels. ABC also ensures the removal of unnecessary costs, and this improves the revenues generation levels of the business organization (Hartgraves & Morse,

Alan Greenspan - Biography Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alan Greenspan - Biography - Term Paper Example Alan Greenspan’s father was employed as a market analyst and stockbroker in New York City. Greenspan was brought up by his mother (Miller, 2011). In 1944, after graduating from Juilliard School, Alan Greenspan was rejected for military service by a draft board in downtown Manhattan. This is because he had a mark on his lung that seemed like tuberculosis. Alan Greenspan had no plans for the future. From an early period, Alan Greenspan had a lot of interest in music. He is also presumed to be well acquitted with mathematical knowledge early in his existence. Alan Greenspan pursued his interest in music by joining the Juilliard School of dance, drama and music. It was at this point that he auditioned to play the clarinet for Henry Jerome’s band. During this time, Alan Greenspan further advanced his talent in music and later on traveled around with Henry Jerome and his music group (Martin, 2000). He got the opportunity to become a member of Henry Jerome’s band, but h e did not become a celebrity. During the tour with Henry Jerome and his music group, Alan Greenspan played the clarinet and saxophone. Nevertheless, his talents with numbers made him handle the band member’s taxes and the band’s financial records. ... Alan Greenspan went to George Washington High School from 1940 to 1943 when he graduated. He was classmates with John Kemeny. Alongside with classmate Stan Getz, Greenspan played the saxophone and clarinet. He continued studying clarinet from 1943 to 1944 at the Juilliard School. After the end of the war, Alan Greenspan enrolled at New York University for economics. A number of his classmates found it difficult to comprehend concerns relating to economics, but Alan Greenspan was highly interested in equations and numbers. While he was there, Greenspan got two degrees, one in 1948, and a Masters degree in economics in 1950. Later on, at Columbia University, he pursued advanced economics under the guidance of Arthur Burns but dropped out. He failed to complete his PhD at Columbia University because he was not able to afford tuition (Miller, 2011). In the early part of 1950s, Alan Greenspan established an association with the philosopher and famed novelist, Ayn Rand. His wife, Joan Mitc hell, introduced him to Rand. Moreover, Rand gave Greenspan the name, Undertaker, because of his reserved demeanor and liking for dark clothing. Although Greenspan was at the outset a logical positivist, he was moved to Objectivism, Rand’s philosophy, by Nathaniel Branden. In the period of 1950s and 1960s, Alan Greenspan became a supporter of Objectivism. He wrote articles for Objective newsletters and contributed a number of essays for Rand’s book. Among the essays he wrote was an essay that supported the gold standard. Rand and Greenspan stood side by side during the Council of Economic Advisers swearing-in, and they remained friends till 1982 when Rand died (Miller, 2011). In 1951, Alan Greenspan met Joan Mitchell; they

First-generation, Second-generation and Third-generation of Currency Essay

First-generation, Second-generation and Third-generation of Currency Crises Models - Essay Example Currency crisis can originate from a financial crisis associated with an actual economic crisis that can cause depletion of valuable reserves. The drastic effects of a changing value of currency can be very brutal to small economies as compared to relatively larger ones. The government or major bodies of authorities should regulate and defend the currency by fulfilling the surplus demand for a given currency using the currency reserves of the country or by using its foreign reserves or by elevating the interest rates. Throughout history we have seen a large number of currency crisis that have affected many economies worldwide leading to recessions like the economic crisis in Mexico in 1994, the Asian crisis in 1997, the case of the Hong Kong dollar in 1998 and Russian crisis in 1998. The rapid increase in the number of currency crises after the Latin American debt crisis in the 1980s was alarming. This resulted in extensive research and in the conception of many theories and models. Thus, the first methodical formation of currency crisis model came in 1979 by Paul Krugman in his extensive research based on Steve Salant and Dale Henderson’s paper published in 1978. This model was based on the study of how efficiently the trade prices of articles of trade could stabilize after concerned authorities had an insight that an investor will hold on to an exhaustible resource if he expects its price to rise quick enough offering him a profitable return rate. This concept is based on Hotelling lemma’s exhaustible resource pricing leading to a choking point when the price has risen to such a height that ultimately there isn’t any more demand left. The... This essay declares that a currency crisis is a catastrophe that takes place when a tentative attack on the exchange value of a currency leads to the devaluation or unexpected depreciation in a country’s currency value. A currency crisis can also lead to a balance-of-payments crisis or a huge exchange rate depreciation or even a massive international reserve loss, or all of the above. Most economists agree that a speculative hit in the foreign exchange market usually affects fixed exchange rate markets rather than floating exchange rate markets. Currency crisis can originate from a financial crisis associated with an actual economic crisis that can cause depletion of valuable reserves. The drastic effects of a changing value of currency can be very brutal to small economies as compared to relatively larger ones. The government or major bodies of authorities should regulate and defend the currency by fulfilling the surplus demand for a given currency using the currency reserves of the country or by using its foreign reserves or by elevating the interest rates. This paper makes a conclusion that the growing trend in the shadow price was provided by supposing that the government issues money to finance the country’s budget deficits, however the central bank is prepared to defend the exchange rate through international reserves. Hence, Salant further worked on a gold price stabilization technique.

Roles Of Users, Payers And Buyers

Roles Of Users, Payers And Buyers Consumer behaviour study is based on consumer buying behaviour, with the consumer playing the three distinct roles of users, payer and buyer. Consumer behaviour is the study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy products. It blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioural variables in an attempt to understand peoples wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general. WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR? Consumer behaviour can be defined as the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives. There are at least three important ideas in this definition: (1) consumer behaviour is dynamic; (2) it involves interaction between affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events; and (3) it involves exchange. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IS DYNAMIC First, the definition emphasis that consumer behaviour is dynamic. This means individual consumers, consumer groups, and society at large are constantly changing and evolving over time. This has important implications for the study of consumer behaviour as well as for developing marketing strategies. In terms of studying consumer behaviour, one implication is that generalizations about consumer behaviour are usually limited to specific periods of time, products, and individuals or groups. Thus, students of consumer behaviour must be careful not to over- generalize theories and research findings. In terms of developing marketing strategies, the dynamic nature of consumer behaviour implies that one should not expect the same marketing strategy to work all the time across all products, markets, and industries. While this may seem obvious, many companies have failed to recognize the need to adapt their strategies in different markets. Further, a strategy that is successful at one point may fail miserably at another point because of the dynamism of the consumers and the markets, and this is what makes marketing strategy development such an exciting , yet challenging, task. DATABASE MARKETING Many companies have developed extensive database that allow them to target individual consumers. Here are a few of them: NESTLE chose to launch a new pasta product through the post rather than through television. It is cheaper for them to develop a database of the right socioeconomic profile of pasta-eaters than it is to promote via television. UNILEVER uses database marketing to target their loyal customers, trying to make loyalty last. In Sweden, they are creating a database with users of their Organics shampoo on the basis of participants in a recent competition. They have also sent out samples of a new Dove sensitive crà ¨me douche to target segments in order to create awareness. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR INVOLVES INTERACTIONS A second important point emphasized in the definition of consumer behaviour is that it involves interactions between affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events. This means that to understand consumers and develop superior marketing strategies, we must understand what they think (cognition) and feel (affect), what they do (behaviour), and the things and places (environmental events) that influence and are influenced by what consumers think, feel, and do. Whether we are evaluating a single consumer, a target market, or an entire society, analysis of all three elements is useful for understanding and developing marketing strategies. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR INVOLVES EXCHANGES A final point emphasized in the definition of consumer behaviour is that it involves exchanges between human beings. This makes the definition of consumer behaviour consistent with current definitions of marketing that also emphasize exchange. In fact, the role of marketing is to create exchanges with consumers by formulating and implementing marketing strategies. APPROACHES TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH Two broad groups are interested in consumer behaviour a basic research group and an action-oriented group. The basic research group is mainly composed of academic researchers interested in studying consumer behaviour as a way of developing a unique body of knowledge about this aspect of human behaviour. These researchers have backgrounds in anthropology, sociology, psychology, economics, and marketing, as well as other fields. The majority of published work on consumer behaviour is basic research, and this work forms the foundation of our text. Because researchers dealing with consumer behaviour have different backgrounds, the way in which they analyse consumer behaviour, the topics they concentrate on, the kind of theories they develop, and the kind of research methods they employ differ as well. Some consumer research is very qualitative, with an emphasis on understanding a particular consumption event, a particular familys consumer behaviour, or the success of a particular brand based on the context in which these phenomena occur and on the history leading up to the occurrence of the phenomenon. Other consumer research concentrates on finding regularities in consumer behaviour that apply in a broad variety of contexts across time and space, such as the effect of personal involvement in a purchase, on information seeking behaviour or the effect of sales promotions on shopping behaviour in supermarkets. CONSUMER AFFECT AND COGNITION Consumer affect and cognition refer to two types of mental responses consumers have to stimuli and events in their environment. Affect refers to their feelings about stimuli and events, such as whether they like or dislike a product. Cognition refers to their thinking, such as beliefs about a particular product. Affective responses can be favourable or unfavourable and vary in intensity. For instance, affect includes relatively intense emotions, such as love or anger; less strong feeling states such as satisfaction or frustration; moods such as boredom or relaxation, and milder overall attitudes, such as liking McDonalds chips or disliking Bic pens. Marketers typically develop strategies to create positive affect for their products and brands to increase the chances that consumers will buy them. Cognition refers to the mental structures and processes involved in thinking, understanding, and interpreting stimuli and events. It includes the knowledge, meaning, and beliefs that consumers have developed from their experience and stored in their memories. It also includes the processes associated with paying attention to and understanding stimuli and events, remembering past events, forming evaluations, and making purchasing decisions and choices. While many aspects of cognition are conscious thinking processes, others are essentially automatic. SOME BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CONSUMER AFFECT AND COGNITION 1. How do consumers interpret information about marketing stimuli such as products, stores, and advertising? 2. How do consumers choose among alternative product classes, products, and brands? 3. How do consumers form evaluations of products and brands? 4. How does memory affect consumer decision making? 5. How do affect and cognition influence behaviour and environments? CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Behaviour refers to the physical actions of actions of consumers that can be directly observed and measured by others. It is also called overt behaviour to distinguish it from mental activities, such as thinking, that cannot be observed directly. Examples of behaviour include shopping at stores, buying products, or using credit cards. Behaviour is critical for marketing strategy because it is only through behaviour that sales can be made and profits earned. While many marketing strategies are designed to influence consumers affect and cognition, these strategies must ultimately result in overt consumer behaviour for them to have value for the company. It is therefore critical for marketers to analyse, understand, and influence overt behaviour. SOME BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CONSUMER BEHAVIOURS 1. How do behaviour approaches differ from affective and cognitive approaches to studying consumer behaviour? 2. What is classical conditioning, and how is it used by marketers to influence consumer behaviour? 3. What is operant conditioning, and how is it used by marketers to influence consumer behaviour? 4. What is vicarious learning, and how is it used by marketers to influence consumer behaviour? 5. What consumer behaviours are of interest to marketing management? CONSUMER ENVIRONMENT The consumer environment refers to everything external to consumers that influence what they think, feel, and do. It includes social stimuli that influence consumers, such as the actions of others in cultures, subcultures, social classes, reference groups, and families. It also includes other physical stimuli, such as stores, products, advertisements, and signs which can change consumers thoughts, feelings, and actions. The consumer environment is important for marketing strategy because it is the medium in which stimuli are placed to influence consumers. For example, marketers run commercials during TV programmes that their target markets watch in order to inform, persuade, and remind them to buy certain products and brands. SOME BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CONSUMER ENVIRONMENT 1. In what physical environments do consumer behaviours occur? 2. How do environments affect consumers affect and cognition and behaviour? 3. How do consumers affect and cognition and behaviour affect the environment? 4. What effect does culture have on consumers? 5. What effect does subculture have on consumers? RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AFFECT AND COGNITION, BEHAVIOUR, AND THE ENVIRONMENT Each of the three elements can be either a cause or an effect of a change in the other element. For example, a consumer might see an advert for a new laundry detergent that promises to wash clothes cleaner than OMO. This might change what the consumer thinks about the new brand and lead to a purchase of it. In this case, a change in the consumers environment (the advert for the new detergent), led to a change in cognition (the consumer believed the new detergent was better) which led to a change in behaviour (the consumer bought the new brand). Another possibility is that a consumer might be dissatisfied with his or her current brand of laundry detergent. On the consumers next trip to the grocery, other brands are inspected, and one that promises to get white clothes whiter is selected. In this example, a change in affect and cognition (dissatisfaction) leads to a change in the consumers environment (inspecting other brands) which leads to change in behaviour (purchase of a different brand). While there are other ways changes could occur, these examples serve to illustrate our view of consumers. Namely, that not only do consumer processes involve a dynamic and interactive system, but they are also a reciprocal system. A reciprocal system is one in which any of the elements could be either a cause or an effect of a change at any particular time. Affect and cognition could change consumers behaviour and environment; behaviours could change consumers affect, cognitions and environments. Environments can change consumers affect, cognition and behaviour. There are five implications of viewing consumer processes as a reciprocal system involving affect and cognition, behaviour, and the environment. First, any comprehensive analyses of consumers must consider all three elements and the relationships of them. Description of consumers in terms of only one or two of the elements is incomplete. Second, it is important to recognize that any of the three elements may be the starting point for consumer analysis. While we think that marketing strategists should start with an analysis of the specific overt behaviours consumers must perform to achieve marketing objectives, useful analyses could start with affect and cognition by researching what consumers think and feel about such things as the various brands of a product. Third, since this view is dynamic, it recognises that consumers can continuously change. While some consumers may change little during a particular time period, others may frequently change their affect, cognition, behaviour, and environments. Keeping abreast of consumers therefore involves continuous research to detect changes that could influence marketing strategies. Fourth, while our example focused on a single consumer, consumer analysis can be applied at several levels. It can be used to analyse not only a single consumer, but also a group of consumers that make up a target market, a larger group of consumers which make up all of the purchasers of a product in an industry, or for an entire society. Finally, this framework for analysing consumers highlights the importance of consumer research and analysis in developing marketing strategies. Consumer research and analysis should be key activities for developing marketing strategies. Consumer research includes many types of study such as test marketing, advertising pre-tests, sales promotion effects, analysis of sales and market share data, pricing experiments, traffic and shopping patterns, brand attitude and intentions, and many others. Consumer research and analysis should not end when a strategy has been implemented. Rather research should continue to investigate the effects of the strategy and whether it could be changed to be more effective. Thus, marketing strategy should involve a continuous process of researching and analysing consumers, developing strategies, implementing them, and continuously improving strategies. INFORMATION SEARCH Once the consumer has recognized a problem, they search for information on products and services that can solve that problem. Sources of information include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Personal sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commercial sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Public sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Personal experience The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with information search is perception. Perception is defined as the process by which an individual receives, selects, organizes, and interprets information to create a meaningful picture of the world. THE SELECTIVE PERCEPTION PROCESS Stage Description à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective exposure consumers select which promotional messages they will expose themselves to. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective attention consumers select which promotional messages they will pay attention to. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective comprehension consumers interpret messages in line with their beliefs, attitudes, motives and experiences. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective retention consumers remember messages that are more meaningful or important to them. The implications of this process help develop an effective promotional strategy, and select which sources of information are more effective for the brand. INFORMATION EVALUATION At this time the consumer compares the brands and products that are in their evoked set. How can the marketing organization increase the likelihood that their brand is part of the consumers evoked (consideration) set? Consumers evaluate alternatives in terms of the functional and psychological benefits that they offer. The marketing organization needs to understand what benefits consumers are seeking and therefore which attributes are most important in terms of making a decision. PURCHASE DECISION Once the alternatives have been evaluated, the consumer is ready to make a purchase decision. Sometimes purchase intention does not result in an actual purchase. The marketing organization must facilitate the consumer to act on their purchase intention. The provision of credit or payment terms may encourage purchase, or a sales promotion such as the opportunity to receive a premium or enter a competition may provide an incentive to buy now. The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with purchase decision is integration. POSTPURCHASE EVALUATION It is common for customers to experience concerns after making a purchase decision. This arises from a concept that is known as cognitive dissonance. The customer, having bought a product, may feel that an alternative would have been preferable. In these circumstances that customer will not repurchase immediately, but is likely to switch brands next time. To manage the post-purchase stage, it is the job of the marketing team to persuade the potential customer that the product will satisfy his or her needs. Then after having made a purchase, the customer should be encouraged that he or she has made the right decision. It is not affected by advertisement. INTERNAL INFLUENCES Consumer behaviour is influenced by: demographics, psychographics (lifestyle), personality, motivation, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Consumer behaviour concern with consumer need consumer actions in the direction of satisfying needs leads to his behaviour of every individual depend on thinking process. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES Consumer behaviour is influenced by: culture, sub-culture, locality, royalty, ethnicity, family, social class, reference groups, lifestyle, and market mix factors. MARKETING STRATEGY From a consumer point of view, a marketing strategy is a set of stimuli placed in consumers environments designed to influence their affect, cognition, and behaviour. These stimuli include such things as products, brands, packaging, advertisements, coupons, stores, credit cards, price tags, salespeoples communications, and in some cases sounds (music), smells (perfume), and other sensory cues. Clearly, marketing strategies should not only be designed to influence consumers, but should also be influenced by them. For example, if research shows that consumers are disgusted (affect and cognition) with the advertisements for Armani jeans, the company may want to change its adverts to better appeal to the market. If research shows that consumers in the target market do not shop (behaviour) in stores where a companys product is featured, then the distribution strategy may have to be changed. If the research shows that consumers want to be able to get information from a companys homepage (environment) and none exists, the company may want to create one. Thus marketing strategies should be developed, implemented, and changed based on consumer research and analysis. REFRENCES: Peter J .P, Olson J.C and Grunert K .G (1999) Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy, McGraw-Hill, Berkshire, England. Schiffman L .G and Kanuk L .L (1995) Consumer Behaviour, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi. INTERNET SOURCES: Consumer Behaviour curled from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/consumer_behaviour Consumer Psychologist curled from http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/ THE ROLE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN STRATEGIC MARKETING COMMUNICATION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Affect and Cognition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Behaviour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Environment

Casablanca :: essays research papers

How can a hero survive in a world gone mad? Casablanca, the classic 1940s film, was known as the greatest movie ever by some, and also seen as being one of the most important novels of the 20th century, revolve around a world in confusion, where no one trusts anybody else, and a war wages on within and without. Rick dealt with a world rocked by the impacts of World War II, where everyone was a spy, and even the spies were spied on. Rick is a cynic, tossed into a chaotic yet romantic world, and comes forth victorious. In Casablanca, we emerge with a feeling of hope, and joy, that the forces of good can win, and that eventually we will triumph over our enemies, wherever or whatever they may be. While slochky and romantic, Casablanca is a touching movie, and probably one of the best ever made. It takes place in a world gone mad, where nothing is truth, and reality is always questionable. Sam of course, is stability. He can't be bought or sold, and is seemingly a constant, always there and never too deep into the problems of the world. Sam represents the carefree aspect in all of us, the feeling that we'd just as soon turn our attention away from the war and hum a tune. Rick faces the ultimate human enemy which is the unimportance of an individual. Rick exemplifies this theme, as he relates to Ilsa: "The problems of two little people don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world." Simply put, individuals don't matter. That the events surrounding their world and time overpower those of the individual. Casablanca deals with a festive arena in the midst of war, Rick's Cafà © Americain,yet it is set in a typical place that is different than the surrounding world. Outside Rick's a war wages on, but inside the kindly cafà ©, an atmosphere of warmth and freedom emanates. Yet it is soon crushed by the iron fist of the Germans attempting to capture the rogue Lazlow.Rick's world is apart by forces beyond his control which he wins in the end. In summary, Casablanca revolved around the idea that humanity is losing its personal identity to that of the masses. The individual, in both cases, is far less important to that

Left In The Lurch Essay

Jim showed up at work today and found out that Sara called in sick but Jim thought he saw Sara at the gas station on his way to work this morning. It was a car like hers and he’s pretty sure that it was her license plate. Jim and Sara were supposed to give a big presentation to the CEO today and Sara never sent him her slides for the PowerPoint show. What are Jim’s options? Jim should call Sara to see if she would answer the phone to check on her. If she answers he could then ask if she would send the power point slides by email. Or Jim could try to postpone the meeting to a later time until he can get the power point slides from Sara or she could be there for the presentation. What does he actually know and what does he think he knows? Does it matter? Jim knows that Sara called in sick and they were to give a big presentation to the CEO and he also knows he doesn’t have her slides for the Power Point show. Jim thinks he saw Sara at the gas station because he saw a car that looked like hers and he thought the license plate was her number. It doesn’t matter why she called in sick or if it was her at the gas station. Jim still needs to find a solution to his problem before the presentation. How could he apply the character qualities you’ve learned about so far (persistence, enthusiasm, optimism, and self-control) in this situation? Being positive in this state of affairs and having the determination to get through this presentation. Being optimistic will help him give the performance without Sara. Jim can exhibit self-control by not getting upset and blaming everything on Sara, when he should be focusing on the presentation. Jim exhibiting self-control, being optimistic, being persistent and enthusiastic all plays a major role in the way he is going handle this problem. These qualities will help Jim to make new slides for his presentation and overcome the urge to be upset with Sara. His ability to show enthusiasm will help him to deliver his presentation to the CEO. What should he do? Jim should try and call Sara to see if she can email the slides. If he can’t get a hold of Sara, Jim can do the slides himself and go into the meeting with confidence and enthusiasm. Jim should focus on getting through the meeting by doing the best that he can do in this type of situation by, showing that he can overcome and adapt to the situation he is facing.

buy custom Should Marijuana be Legalized essay

buy custom Should Marijuana be Legalized essay Marijuana refers to a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of the hemp plant (Leonard 34). Its most common street names include the pot, herb, weed, grass, boom, Mary Jane, gangster, or chronic. All forms of marijuana contain delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the main active chemical in marijuana. Marijuana also contains more than 400 other chemicals (Leonard 38). The Effects of marijuana on any user depends on its strength or potency which on the other hand, depends on the amount of THC it contains. The THC content of Marijuana has been increasing since 1970s. This has been attributed to improvements in the available varieties (Leonard 40). Marijuana is usually smoked as cigarettes (joints) or in a pipe or a bong. With the growth of its use, it has often been combined with other drugs such as cocaine. How long the marijuana stays in the human body system, depends on the degree of usage also amount of the fatty tissue which tend to absorb THC rapidly. This varies from few days to several weeks. The main reasons for the marijuana use include the influence from brothers, sisters, friends, or even older family members using it. Others do it due to peer pressure, while others think its cool because they see it being used on TV and in movies. By 1979, more than 50 million people had tried it at least once. In addition, there have been increased consumption among adolescents and the young adults, although there has been a leveling-off in its final use among the high school seniors (National Reseach Council). Marijuana remains a controlled substance in almost all the countries globally. It has also not been approved by the FDA to treat any diseases or conditions. This can be attributed to a high potential for its abuse. Also, due to no current accepted medical use in the general United States marijuana remains a schedule I drug under the provisions of the controlled substances act of 1970 (McCollum 102). The usage of marijuana has been linked to the cancers of the tongue and larynx in the young people with the history of heavy marijuana use. This have however been based on very small numbers and therefore no cause and effect relationship. Marijuana also produces acute effects on the brain, including chemical and electrophysiological changes. It impairs motor coordination and affects tracking ability and sensory and perceptual functions. All these functions are necessary during driving and thus, its important for the drivers and operators of other machines to avoid it at all times.it also impairs short term memory and slows learning. Other serious effects include the feelings of euphoria and other mood changes, such as brief periods of anxiety, confusion, or psychosis (National Reseach Council 55). Contrary to the popular beliefs, there is no any conclusive evidence as to whether prolonged use of maijuana causes permanent changes in the nervous system or sustained impairment of the br ain functions and behaviors in human beings (National Reseach Council 60). Usage of the marijuana leads to the acute changes in the cardiovascular system. Evidence has shown that marijuana use increases the work of the heart, usually by raising heart rate and in some people raising the blood pressure. This poses considerable danger to patients with hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, and coronary atherosclerosis. Other risks involved with the use of marijuana include the increased risk for cancer of the respiratory tract (though no direct connection have been made), effects on the hormonal functions in females and males (Jacoby and Youngson 122). Cannabis has been used as medicine for a thousand of years (Iversen 37). Compendium of medicines Pen tsao first published around 2800 B.C. recommended cannabis for the treatment of constipation, gout, malaria, and rheumatism and menstrual problems. Chinese herbal medicine texts continued to advocate cannabis preparations for many centuries. Among other things, its pain relieving properties were exploited to relieve the pain of surgical operations (Iversen). The Indians also had a long history of using cannabis for medicinal purposes. For instance, the ancient medical text the Athera Veda, which dates from 2000-1400 B.C., mentions bhang (marijuana). Further reference is made to this writing of Panini (ca 300 B.C.). Cannabis was believed to possess sedative, cooling and febrifuge properties. In the ancient Ayurvedic system of medicine cannabis played an important role in Hindu material medica, and continues to be used by Ayurvedic practitioners today. In various medieval Ayurvedic texts, cannabis leaves and resin are recommended as decongestant, astringent, soothing, and capable of stimulating appetite and promoting digestion. Cannabis was also used to induce sleep and as an anesthetic for surgical operations.it was also considered to have aphrodisiac properties and was recommended for this purpose. (Iversen 122) In Arab medicine and in the Muslim India, frequent mention is also made of hashish (cannabis resin) and benj (marijuana). They were used to treat gonorrhea diarrhea, asthma and as an appetite stimulant and analgesic (Iversen 123). In Indian folk medicine, bhang (marijuana) and ganja (cannabis resin) were recommended as stimulants to improve staying power under the conditions of severe exertion or fatigue. Poultices applied it to the wounds and sores were believed to promote healing, when applied to the areas of inflammation (e.g., Piles) to act as an anodyne and sedative (Jacoby and Youngson 200). Extracts of ganja were used to promote sleep and to treat painful neuralgias, migraines and menstrual pain. Numerous concoctions containing cannabis extracts togeether with various other herbal medicines continue to be used in rural Indian folk medicine today, with a variety of different medical indications including dyspepsia, diarrhea, sprue, dysentery, fever, renal colic, dysmenorrhea, cough, and asthma. There have been claims of cannabis consumption with aphrodisiacs. The consumption of cannabis based medicines has been in a reduction for quite some time in the recent years among the Indian populations. This can be attributed to the general availability of western medicines also due to degradation of the THC on storage. In medieval Europe cannabis or hemp was used as a healing plant in herbals such as those by William Turner, Mattioli, and Dioscobas Taberemontanus. In one of the most famous herbals, written by Nicholas Culpepper (1616-1654) recommended that: an emulsion of decoction of the seed, eases the colic and always the troublesome humour in the bowels and stays bleeding at the mouth, nose and other places. (Iversen 123). In the middle of 19th century an Irish doctor, William OShaughnessy, serving with the Bengal Medical Service of the East India Company, studied the effects of marijuana in animals to establish what doses could be tolerated. His experiments confirmed that cannabis usage was remarkably safe. He noted that despite many escalation of the doses cannabis didnt kill any mice, rat or the rabbit on which he was experimenting on. After that, he experimented on patients suffering from seizures, rheumatism, tetanus, and rabies and found that cannabis could relieve pain and act as a muscle relaxant and an anticonvulsant.at the end of the study OShaugnesssey was brave enough to recommend cannabis, particularly as an, anticonvulsive remedy of the greatest value. In addition, voters in the states in the United States share the view in favor of proposals to make cannabis, including smoked marijuana, available for therapeutic use. Despite its hard line on the unscientific nature of smoked marijuana as a medicine, the American Medical Association report (1997) nevertheless recommended adequate and well controlled studies of smoked marijuana be conducted in patients who had serious conditions. For which preclinical anecdotal, or controlled evidence suggests possible advantage including AIDS wasting syndrome, severe acute or delayed emesis induced by chemo therapy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, dystonia and neuropathic pain. These numerous medicinal usage of cannabis outweighs the few disadvantages involved by the recreational use of it. It's therefore important for the appropriate rules and policies regulating the usage of it be enacted and passed into laws. This will allow more studies to be conducted on cannabis which may eventually lead to the discovery of more of cannabis. Buy custom Should Marijuana be Legalized essay

Particle Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Particle Definition and Examples in English Grammar The English word particle comes from the Latin, a share, part. In English grammar, a  particle is a word that does not change its form through inflection and does not easily fit into the established system of parts of speech. Many particles are closely linked to verbs to form multi-word verbs, such as go away. Other particles include to used with an infinitive and not a negative particle. In tagmemics, the term particle refers to a linguistic unit seen as a discrete entity, definable in terms of its features. (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). Examples and Observations Particles are short words...that with just one or two exceptions are all prepositions unaccompanied by any complement of their own. Some of the most common prepositions belonging to the particle category: along, away, back, by, down, forward, in, off, on, out, over, round, under, up.(Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey Pullum. A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2006.) The storm ate up September’s cry of despair, delighted at its mischief, as all storms are.(Valente, Catherynne M. The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland in a Ship of Her Own Making, 2011.) Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesnt go away.(Dick, Philip K. How to Build a Universe That Doesnt Fall Apart Two Days Later, 1978.) I was determined to know beans.(Thoreau, Henry David. Walden, 1854.) I was determined not to give up. [T]he idea (as all pilots understood) was that a man should have the ability to go up in a hurtling piece of machinery and put his hide on the line...(Wolfe, Tom. The Right Stuff, 1979) The Escape Category Particle is...something of an escape (or cop-out) category for grammarians. If its small and you dont know what to call it, call it a particle seems to be the practice; and a very useful practice it is, too, as it avoids pushing words into categories in which they do not properly belong... Do not confuse particle with the similar-looking participle; the latter has a much more well-defined application. (Hurford, James R. Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994.) Discourse Particles ​Well and now in English... have been referred to as discourse particles, for example by Hansen (1998). Discourse particles are placed with great precision at different places in the discourse and give important clues to how discourse is segmented and processed... Discourse particles are different from ordinary words in the language because of the large number of pragmatic values that they can be associated with. Nevertheless, speakers are not troubled by this multifunctionality but they seem to know what a particle means and be able to use it in different contexts.(Aijmer, Karin. English Discourse Particles: Evidence From a Corpus. John Benjamins, 2002.) Particles in Tagmemics The tagmemics system works on the assumption that any subject can be treated as a particle, as a wave, or as a field. A particle is a simple definition of a static, unchanging, object (e.g., a word, a phrase, or a text as a whole)... A wave is a description of an evolving object... A field is a description of a generic object in a large plane of meaning.(Hain Bonnie A. and Richard Louth, Read, Write, and Learn: Improving Literacy Instruction Across the Disciplines, Teaching in the 21st Century: Adapting Writing Pedagogies to the College Curriculum, ed. by Alice Robertson and Barbara Smith. Falmer Press, 1999.)

Week 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 5 - Assignment Example Next, evaluate which changes will lead to direct improvement and which among those changes could be chosen for implementation. Once this is established the cycle that will henceforth surround the improvement procedure will be; act, do, plan, and study. These steps define the earlier identified baselines. Team formation requires inclusion of the people vital to realize the improvement though they may vary in size or composition built for specific needs. Setting aims must be time specific and relevant to the desired improvement which in this case is my semester projects. The measures established will be quantitative determining defining whether a certain change will lead to improvement. Change selection is born from the insights of creative thinking of the involved persons in the project. One can also borrow from experience of those who have succeeded prior to this. These changes will be tested by the cycle identified to study their viability using the four steps; act, do, plan and study cycle. From here, I will be in a position to learn from each test whilst refining the changes as the team assists in broader scale implementation. Once is successfully implement all this in my semester project, I will be in a better position to polish all the entities that define success to the

Procedures in the Physical Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Procedures in the Physical Sciences - Essay Example Science can be defined to be a systematic knowledge of the physical material contained on earth and even beyond. This knowledge is gained through experiments and observations. Identify three (3) specific challenges to making direct measurements in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics, or earth science. Describe how scientists have utilized indirect forms of measure to overcome these challenges. Challenges’ arise in the quest to gain this knowledge, for example, ; it becomes difficult sometimes to measure some elements and phenomena directly. Astronomy as a science has been around for quite a while. Astronomy is defined as a natural science that studies objects in the universe such as planets, stars galaxies, moons and even nebulae. This study involves the physics chemistry mathematics and evolution associated with this objects not excluding the phenomena that originates outside the atmosphere of the earth (Neugebauer,50). Astronomy provides an opportunity for armatures to contribute. These contributions are responsible for major developments in this field. This does not imply that all or most discoveries have been carried out. Challenges have risen from different angles, for instance one of the major problems they have encountered is finding the accurate distance of planets and stars from planet earth. However, with the advancements made in the field discoveries such as the use of luminosity and brightness of the astronomical objects to figure out their distance from the earth. Luminosity is a way of measuring the amount of brightness or energy emitted by any form of matter in the universe (Salpeter,10-30). This implies that light that travels to reach the earth can be measured. A hypothesis is made that stars shift off the main sequence after they burn up to about 10% of the hydrogen they contain and that there is an uniform creation of stars in the universe. Using this hypothesis and the luminosity function that has been observed, the rate that stare created as a function of stellar mass is then calculated. These calculations are deemed to assist to indirectly give the distance of a body from the earth. Another possible indirect way of doing this is a method called parallax, which involves triangulation. The major process involved is looking at the records of a star and then looking at it six months later. Astronomers can measure the distance of the angle of viewing .the combination of this work with the orbital diameter of the earth to sun and some involved produces the distance of that body. Objects in space are not the only challenge that astronomers face. Another challenge that astronomers have faced is the determination of the age of the universe. There is no direct way of measuring how long the universe has been around. For a while in the 90s the estimated age of the universe was ten billion years, however, age estimates for the stars and the galaxy were about 13 and 18 billion years respectively. This implies that s ome bodies in the universe are older than the universe itself. Better estimates of distance to the stars used in measuring age have reduced the disparities down to only a few billion years. Giving a consideration at dark energy into the cosmological model pushed the age estimates of the universe to the current value of 13.80 billion years. Choose two (2) of the most historically influential tools or techniques in the physical sciences. Explain how these techniques or tools work, and how they helped to advance our

Profile of a language group present in Los Angeles Essay

Profile of a language group present in Los Angeles - Essay Example The migration of this group can be categorized in three levels. The first group migrated from the war torn Vietnam in 1975. The group was made up of mainly high trained students, members of the civil servants undertaking white collar jobs and military executives. After 1980 there was established communist systems of government which show a second wave of Vietnamese migrate. These people used boats to cross over to the United States(Phinney& Jean, 135).From 1990 there was an operation program carried out by the United States Government duped ‘United States Humanitarian Program’. In this program, most of the Vietnamese migrated to the United States after making application for entry. This included former prisoners of war, members of Amerasian service men and members of Vietnamese Americans(Nguyen, Anne, Fay Shin &Krashen, 159). In the present time the Vietnamese Americans are distributed in the United States. This means that the majority of Federal States are inhabited by this group. According to the census carried out in the year 2000, Los Angeles County recorded approximately 78,000 Vietnamese Americans recording 7.06% of the whole population(Asian Population, 2013). There has been an outstanding performance in businesses in Los Angeles with a sizeable number of the enterprises owned by Vietnamese Americans. ... The images below show how Vietnamese language has been used to develop the hotel industry in Los Angeles county. The Vietnamese language has been embraced by the Los Angeles community members who have either developed an interest in the language and wish to use it as their main language. This move has mostly been undertaken by the nationals who wish to feature more in the hotel industries(Phinney& Jean, 135).Moreover, Asian children do continuously get enrolled in these institutions to indulge them in their culture. One of the schools offering this service is the Beverly Hills Lingual Institute offering important facilities. Moreover, the need to maintain the culture of the Vietnamese has necessitated California State University to launch a program to assist American born Vietnamese children be conversant with the language(Phinney& Jean, 135). This means that starting next year; the University will offer a bachelor’s degree in Vietnamese culture and language as well as offer t rains the tutor tutorials to equip the lecturers with the adequate knowledge to offer the training. More visits to the Los Angeles stores and supermarket will demonstrate how the Vietnamese language has been embraced to propel these chains of businesses(Nguyen, Anne, Fay Shin &Krashen, 159). The malls thathouse a collection of businesses contain Vietnamese language in their walls, booklets, signboards, catalogues and menus. The language has been used widely in churches in Los Angeles in spreading the gospel. The Vietnamese community at our lady of assumption our lady of Rosary is a catholic union that was established in 1979 to cater for the need of the Vietnamese Americans(Phinney& Jean, 135).William J Barry was the pastor who was ordained to

Security Management Essay Example for Free

Security Management Essay Instructions to candidates: 1. There is no time restriction set for this paper and you may refer to your course text. 2. Clearly print your name in the blank spaces provided on the answer sheet. 3. Read each question carefully, and circle the option letter of your selected answer on the question paper; then transfer your answer to the answer sheet by putting an X through the appropriate answer box or by writing in the answers (if the question requires it). 4. Please answer all the questions and check your answers carefully. 5. On completion submit the answer sheet to Perpetuity Training, 148 Upper New Walk, Leicester, LE1 7QA by the date required. 1. Very generally it is agreed that terrorism is defined by a group which: A. Wishes to kill its political enemies and influence potential allies B. Wishes to politically and ideologically influence others by the use or threat of use of, violence C. Wishes to promote religious ideologies through the use of force or the threat of force. D. Wishes to resist government oppression through the use of irregular warfare 2. It is argued that the term terrorism derives from the reign of terror after the French revolution. In what year was the French Revolution? A. B. C. D. 1564 1694 1794 1894 3. Historically, terrorist groups (although most organisations do not like being referred to as terrorists!) have tended to adhere to either a politically left or right wing ideology. But what do we mean by the term ‘ideology’? A. B. C. D. Right wing beliefs Left wing beliefs Religious beliefs Systems of belief 4. What is state terrorism? A. B. C. D. Terrorism directed against the state The state’s definition of terrorism Terrorism only directed at governments Terrorism committed by the state 5. Modern Terrorists differ from their historical predecessors mainly in: A.  B. C. D. The sophistication of their ideologies The sophistication of their targets and timing The sophistication of their attack and planning Their sophistication of their demands 6. What is an IED? A. B. C. D. An improvised explosive detonation An immediate explosive detonation An improvised explosive device An in-car explosive device 7. Which of the following is not normally part of an IED? A. B. C. D. The Timer The Donator The power supply The delivery platform 8. When conducting a terrorism risk assessment we need to consider: A. B. C. D. Assets, threats and vulnerabilities Origins, tactics and membership Aims, abilities and determination Specialty weapons and tactics 9. Who said ‘The war on terror resembles the great clashes of the last century between democracy and totalitarianism’? A. B. C. D. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher President George W Bush Prime Minister Tony Blair President Barack Obama 10. What is a hard target reconnaissance? A. B. C. D. An examination of the intended target by the terrorist prior to the attack The selection by the terrorist of a difficult target The final briefing to the terrorist attack group before the attack The terrorist debrief after a difficult operation 11. What is defence/security in depth? A. B. C. D. A form of maritime security Impenetrable security measures Environmental security measures Interlocking layers of security 12. The 1996 Manchester bombing was an attack carried out by the Provisional IRA in Manchester, England. The bomb targeted the citys infrastructure and economy and caused widespread damage, estimated by insurers at: A. B. C. D.  £7 million  £17 million  £70 million  £700 million 13. In which year was the UK Terrorism Act passed? A. B. C. D. 2005 2006 2007  2008 14. In what year did the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism (CECPT) come into force? A. B. C. D. 2005 2006 2007 2008 15. One of the most powerful pieces of counter terrorist legislation enacted was in the US, where The Homeland Security Act (HSA). In which year did it come into force? A. B. C. D. 16. 2000 2001 2002 2003 What is the ISPS? A. B. C. D. The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code The Internal Ship and Port Facility Security Conditions The Internal Ship and Port Facility Security Code The International Safety and Port Facility Security conditions 17. The ISPS applies to all vessels over: A. B. C. D. 300 gross weight tonnes 400 gross weight tonnes 500 gross weight tonnes 600 gross weight tonnes 18. Port facilities serving ships where the ISPS applies require an ISC. What is the ISC? A. B. C. D. International Safety Charter International Security Certificate International Shipping Charter International Sailing Certificate 19. Which of the following is not a key document that should form part of an organisation’s security methods and techniques? A. B. C. D. Business Continuity Plans Major Incident Plans Security Procedures Terrorist Attack Plans 20. What is ISO 27001? A. The introduction of an information security management system B. The introduction of an intermodal supply chain security management system C. The introduction of a risk management system D. The introduction of a terrorist security system 21. What is ISO 3100? A. The introduction of an information security management system B. The introduction of an intermodal supply chain security management system C. The  introduction of a risk management system D. The introduction of a terrorist security system 22. What is ISO 28001? A. The introduction of an information security management system B. The introduction of an intermodal supply chain security management system C. The introduction of a risk management system D. The introduction of a terrorist security system 23. Every physical security system should have an OR what is an OR? A. B. C. D. Optional Requirement Operational Requirement Operating Regulation Operator’s Regulation 24. It is logical that in order for an organisation to be prepared for a terrorist attack there need to be adequate levels of: A. B. C. D. Fire extinguishers and smoke alarms Access control and swipe cards Training and awareness Profiling and reporting 25. Who said ‘Kill one, frighten ten thousand’? A. B. C. D. Lao Tao Sun Tzu Confucius Kuan Ti